As a being made up of billions of billions of atoms, I am subject to certain rules. To walk through my front door, I first have to open it. If I throw my jacket onto a chair, it will move in the direction and at the speed with which I tossed it, and stay on the chair until I pick it up again. I can’t affect the movement of a tennis ball in China by bouncing one in New York.
In the quantum world, where physicists study the behaviors of individual atoms and their even smaller parts, these laws do not apply. Particles of matter sometimes act like waves, or move through solid objects. The qualities of one atom can be linked to another’s, even if the two are a great distance apart.
Starting around the turn of the 20th century, physicists began to understand that the behaviors of the tiniest bits of our world couldn’t be explained by the laws of classical physics—the type that governs macroscopic solids, gases, liquids, and the forces that act on them. But as the field has developed, it has taken on another surprising role: as a touchstone in alternative health and wellness spaces, used to justify manifestation, energy healing, and other fringe claims and products. The phenomenon is called “quantum woo,” “quantum mysticism,” or “quantum flapdoodle.” It’s both an incorrect appropriation of scientific ideas and a strangely elegant way to explain the psychological forces that push people toward alternative medicine. Many wellness trends reflect a desire for another, contrarian account of the inner workings of the human body and mind—just what quantum mechanics provides for the inner workings of the physical world. Alongside a pervasive interest in alternative-medicine practices and New Age beliefs, more people could be in danger of getting pulled into the flapdoodle.
The physicist Matthew R. Francis once wrote that “possibly no subject in science has inspired more nonsense than quantum mechanics.” In some cases, quantum terminology is arbitrarily added to health practices to legitimize them, or to indicate that they are mysterious and powerful, says Christopher Ferrie, a physicist at the University of Technology Sydney and the author of Quantum Bullsh*t: How to Ruin Your Life With Advice From Quantum Physics. “Like calling your dishwasher detergent Quantum, it just makes it sound cooler,” Ferrie told me. It’s easy to find a “quantum healer” practicing within a couple of miles of my home. YouTube and Instagram accounts offer advice on learning to quantum leap; you can read books about falling in quantum love. You can even buy a $99 quantum water bottle “charged” with special healing frequencies or a quantum crystal kit that will help you “clear any negative vibrations you have picked up.”
In a 2020 episode of the Netflix show The Goop Lab With Gwyneth Paltrow, an energy practitioner named John Amaral told Paltrow that a pillar of quantum mechanics, the double-slit experiment, shows that “consciousness actually shifts or alters, in some way, shape, or form, physical reality.” What the experiment actually demonstrates is that when photons are shot through two open slits, they can act either as waves or as particles, depending on whether they’re measured. The finding is perplexing—how can matter behave as a wave, and why would recording photons change their behavior? Physicists are still actively working on how and if quantum behaviors might seep into the larger world, but they agree that the human body is a solid thing, and that people don’t act as photons do.
Amaral’s comments are typical of quantum woo in that they apply the uncertain state of subatomic particles to people, and expect humans to act as photons do. “By influencing the frequency of energy in and around your body, you can change your physical reality,” Amaral said on Goop Lab. In The Secret, the best-selling manifesto of manifestation, Rhonda Byrne referenced quantum physics to claim that thoughts and emotions are entangled with outcomes in the exterior world. There are parallels in her description to the quantum theory of entanglement—the idea that pairs of particles can have correlated behaviors even at a distance. In physics, energies and frequencies refer to measurable properties of subatomic particles and waves. In New Age or wellness vernacular, these terms are squishier, usually alluding to ambiguous thought patterns, life forces, or chakras—so immeasurable as to be incontrovertible.
Quantum physics’ close relationship with mystical ideas has on occasion pushed the science forward. In 1975, two students affiliated with the theoretical-physics division of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory formed the “Fundamental Fysiks Group,” which frequently connected quantum mechanics to Eastern mysticism, psychedelic-drug experiences, and telepathy. Their explorations into parapsychology, including getting CIA funding to test “remote viewing”—basically whether one person could receive telepathic messages from another—were a bust. But David Kaiser, a quantum physicist at MIT and the author of How the Hippies Saved Physics, told me that the group’s radical questions about the quantum world and its limits “helped nudge the broader community, which then began to take some of these questions more seriously than they had been taken before.” For example, the group’s thought experiment on entanglement led to the “no-cloning theorem,” which states that certain quantum states cannot be copied. This is now important for, among other things, quantum cryptography, which takes advantage of the fact that encrypted messages cannot be copied without also being corrupted.
Crucially, the Fundamental Fysiks Group put its notions to the scientific test, combining Eastern religious or parapsychic ideas with real physics know-how. The quantum wellness and health industry, by contrast, demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of what quantum physics is all about. “Quantum mechanics does have many strange and counterintuitive features,” Kaiser said. But quantum states are very delicate, and much different from the ones humans live in. To perform quantum experiments, physicists typically have to put atoms in vacuums or subject them to temperatures near absolute zero. “By the time you get to something that’s a few thousand atoms big, you’re losing the pure quantum essence,” Philip Moriarty, a physicist at the University of Nottingham, in England, told me. “When you get to something as big as a human, there’s no quantum essence left.”
Quantum mechanics arose because classical physics failed to completely describe the microscopic universe around us—because scientists had uncovered experimental situations that defied the physics they knew. It suggested that, underneath the world of cause, effect, and consistency, a secret alternative playbook was hiding in plain sight. Applying that hint of fantasy to the world at human scale has proved too tempting for the wellness marketplace—and many consumers—to resist. Deepak Chopra, a popular alternative-medicine figure and the author of Quantum Healing, declares on his website, “You are a mystery that needs quantum answers.” Many people’s emotions and bodies really do feel like puzzles that we haven’t been given all the pieces to solve, so it’s appealing to think that the missing bits exist somewhere in the quantum realm.
The wellness industry often reflects larger anxieties around health, food, and environmental safety, Adam Aronovich, a medical anthropologist at Universitat Rovira i Virgili, in Spain, told me. It also has a history of using scientific-sounding—but scientifically inscrutable—language to lend itself a patina of legitimacy. Quantum wellness is no exception. Quantum water filters, for example, are enticing “not only because of the quantum mysticism behind it, but because people have real anxieties about microplastics,” Aronovich said. “You don’t have to worry about microplastics in your water if you have enough money to buy this quantum filter that has the approval stamp of Deepak Chopra. It is going to filter away all the bad things in a mystical, magical, unknowable way.”
[From the April 2020 issue: Reiki can’t possibly work. So why does it?]
The quantum world may be all around us, but humans—and our anxieties—inhabit a classical world. Most people are concerned primarily with how to keep our bodies healthy and tend to our emotional states amid social and environmental conditions that make doing so difficult. These problems operate on the macro scale. We can’t rely on single atoms to solve them for us.
theatlantic.com