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Will the Postal Service be up to the task of delivering ballots on time? Election officials are worried

Election officials nationwide fear that the USPS will lose ballots or deliver them late. They have good reasons to be concerned
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Submit a question for Jennifer Rubin about her columns, politics, policy and more
Submit your questions for Jennifer Rubin’s mail bag newsletter and live chat.
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washingtonpost.com
Chronic diseases cause 75 percent of all deaths globally. The toll is likely to rise.
A nurse measures the blood pressure of a person with diabetes in November 2022, in Misrata, Libya. | Islam Alatrash/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images We are entering a new era of global health. It starts with some good news: Around the world, the number of people dying from infectious diseases every year is falling. Fewer women are dying in childbirth. More infants are surviving to childhood, and the average lifespan is increasing in many places. The result is billions of people are living lives that, in decades past, would have been cut short.  But here’s the bad news: With more people living longer, noncommunicable diseases — conditions not passed from person to person, like most cancers, diabetes, and heart disease — are becoming more common. In 2019, the most recent year for which data is available, noncommunicable or chronic diseases killed almost 41 million people, an increase of about 10 million since 2000. That accounts for about 75 percent of all deaths globally, making its rise an international crisis.  This story was first featured in the Future Perfect newsletter. Sign up here to explore the big, complicated problems the world faces and the most efficient ways to solve them. Sent twice a week. Wealthy countries — beset by an aging population and sharp increases in obesity and physical inactivity — have been dealing with these problems for decades, with varying levels of success. But they have modern health systems to treat people. Low- and middle-income countries — where the number of people with chronic diseases is rising faster than in developed countries — lack the same health infrastructure to prevent and treat these diseases. Almost 80 percent of all deaths from noncommunicable diseases are in low- and middle-income countries. The burden of chronic diseases is rising the fastest in these countries. And while many of these poorer countries have made great strides against infectious diseases, threats from the likes of malaria or tuberculosis remain high. This dual burden of chronic and infectious diseases will only further strain health systems and even set back national and global economics gains.  To understand the sheer global scale of noncommunicable diseases and the challenges low- and middle-income countries, in particular, face, here are four charts that show just how urgently we need increased funding and society-wide solutions. The global burden of noncommunicable diseases The most common noncommunicable diseases globally are cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes.  Each year 18 million people die from cardiovascular diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels and can lead to heart attacks, stroke, or heart failure. About 9 million people die each year from cancers, 4 million from chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma or COPD, and 2 million from diabetes. But both the burden of disease and access to modern health care are disproportionately distributed.  Low- and middle-income countries including Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Yemen, Egypt, and Syria have the highest incidence and mortality rates. Air pollution, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet, and older age increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Stress and post-traumatic stress disorder may also raise the risk of cardiovascular disease, which may explain why the burden is so high in war-affected countries. Cancer incidence is highest in Australia and New Zealand, where more than 400 people per 100,000 have some form of cancer. Denmark, the United States, Norway, Canada, Ireland, and other high-income European countries follow. The lowest cancer rates, adjusted for age, are in Sierra Leone, Gambia, the Congo, Nepal, Qatar, Yemen, Rwanda, and Niger — all low-income countries with the exception of Qatar. The global cancer burden is more concentrated in developed countries, but the burden of diabetes is more evenly spread and rising faster in developing countries. The International Diabetes Foundation estimates 537 million adults were living with diabetes in 2021, and 75 percent of them lived in a low- or middle-income country. About 18 percent of adults in the Middle East and North Africa had diabetes in 2021, the highest share for any global region.  Between 2000 and 2021, the rate of diabetes has nearly tripled in the western Pacific and roughly doubled in southeast Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, and south and central America. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest burden in 2021, with only about 5 percent of adults having diabetes, but that rate has increased fivefold since 2000. Older age, obesity, and physical inactivity are known risk factors for diabetes. African nations are home to the world’s youngest, most active, and least obese populations, so it makes sense that they have the lowest rates of diabetes.  But in many African countries, that is starting to change. People are flocking en masse to rapidly developing urban city centers where they are more likely to find higher quantities of poor-quality food, be less active, and live longer. Challenges treating noncommunicable diseases in developing countries  Many of the same challenges developing countries face in preventing and treating infectious diseases — like weak health care systems, lack of access to medicines, and insufficient funding — are also barriers to high-quality care for noncommunicable diseases.  But, in many ways, treating noncommunicable diseases is more complicated than treating people with infectious diseases.  For one, patients with noncommunicable diseases need to be treated for years or even decades, whereas people with infectious diseases typically need immediate but relatively short-term care. And people with noncommunicable diseases often require multi-faceted care; a cancer patient may need radiology, chemotherapy, and surgery, not to mention palliative care or pain management.  These services are typically offered only in a handful of health facilities located in capital cities and urban centers. Such treatments are also costly, and the vast majority of people in developing countries don’t have health insurance, public or private. Many people therefore either skip care altogether or go into catastrophic medical debt. Families in Africa are more likely to spend in excess of 25 percent of their total household budget on health compared to other regions.  Social stigma around noncommunicable diseases and gender inequity is another obstacle to proper treatment. For example, in Bangladesh, social taboos around breast cancer screening prevent early detection. In some countries, once a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer, there is often a stigma that she is being punished for immorality and consequently, often faces abuse or abandonment from her family.  Despite the growing toll, noncommunicable diseases are not always a public health priority. In 2021, 143 of the 194 countries for which data was available had a dedicated department within its national health agency. However, 41 countries, including many in Africa, did not.  Global health spending has also not kept pace; only about 2 percent of all spending for global health is earmarked for noncommunicable diseases. Developing countries are now facing a dual threat from infectious and chronic diseases, stretching already overburdened and under-resourced health and public health systems.  The historical siloed approach to addressing global health won’t be sufficient in this new age of public health challenges. What’s needed are solutions that truly strengthen the way health care systems operate. This includes improving health financing, expanding access to specialized services, and ensuring that patients trust the health care system and seek care even before they are sick.
vox.com
Rangers’ Adam Fox feels fully healthy after knee injury hampered him in postseason
It all was a first for the 26-year-old Adam Fox, who had never dealt with a major injury until his fifth year with the Rangers.
nypost.com
Titan implosion was "expected," submersible pilot testifies
Submersible pilot and designer Karl Stanley said he felt the implosion ultimately stemmed from Stockton Rush's desire to leave his mark on history.
cbsnews.com
Sean ‘Diddy’ Combs’ kids speak out after his sex trafficking arrest: ‘So many hurtful and false rumors’
“We have seen so many hurtful and false rumors circulating about our parents, Kim Porter and Sean Combs’ relationship,” four of his children wrote in a statement.
nypost.com
How To Watch President Joe Biden On ‘The View’
Biden will be taking on the Hot Topics Table live.
nypost.com
D.C. medics’ new tool to save trauma victims? Bags of blood.
Since April, D.C. medics responding to emergencies have administered blood transfusions to scores of trauma victims, pulling them back from the brink of death.
washingtonpost.com
Kate Middleton’s plans for annual Christmas carol service revealed after she completes chemo
Kate Middleton recently returned to work after sharing a big update in her cancer battle.
nypost.com
Nick Cannon 'wasn't ready' for his daughter to become 'a young lady': 'Happened overnight'
Nick Cannon spoke candidly to Fox News Digital about his evolving relationship with his eldest children, 13-year-old twins, twins Moroccan and Monroe, who he shares with Mariah Carey.
foxnews.com
Sherlett Hendy Newbill for Los Angeles Unified School Board District 1
Sherlett Hendy Newbill's experience as a basketball coach, teacher and dean of students and her common-sense, independent approach to problem solving will serve her well on the LAUSD board.
latimes.com
Weekly market is one way Olney, Md., families grow together
Where We Live: Settled as a farming village, Montgomery County community still enjoys some rural charm
washingtonpost.com
George Whitesides for the 27th Congressional District
The former aerospace executive and advocate on megafire protection and prevention is part of a group of “new Democrats” who believe in working across party lines to solve problems for Americans. We need more people like him in Congress.
latimes.com
The dark revelations of a new documentary about teens and social media
Lauren Greenfield’s “Social Studies” places teens at the center of their own stories, to powerful effect.
washingtonpost.com
The Black futures of Amaza Lee Meredith, trailblazing modernist architect
Meredith, the subject of an ICA show mixing archival surprises and new artwork, fascinates scholars and Solange alike.
washingtonpost.com
What Haitians really eat: a complex cuisine that influenced America
Absurd falsehoods about Haitian immigrants in Ohio ignore the truth about the impact of Haitian cooking on America.
washingtonpost.com
bet365 bonus code POSTNEWS grants $200 in bonus bets or $1,000 first bet safety net for any sport, including NFL
Get started at bet365 Sportsbook using the bet365 bonus code POSTNEWS to get $200 in bonus bets or a $1,000 First Bet Safety Net.
nypost.com
Bruce Carrington out to pass ‘measuring stick’ test to take next step in career
He already knows what will be going through everyone’s minds. 
nypost.com
Tamberla Perry Had To Ask Her Husband Who ‘Brilliant Minds’ Star Zachary Quinto Was Before Auditioning: “I Said, ‘No, Spock Is Dead’”
Zachary Quinto and Tamberla Perry are a joy to watch on-screen together.
nypost.com
Shoppers will spend a record $241 billion online this holiday season
More than half of online sales for the holidays will be driven by electronics, apparel, furniture and home goods, according to Adobe Analytics
washingtonpost.com
Is making friends as an adult really hard, or is it just me?
A Vox reader writes: Why is it so hard to make friends as you continue to get older?  You don’t need me to tell you what you probably already know: Forming new friendships in adulthood feels close to impossible (unless you’re a preternaturally charming social butterfly, in which case, good for you!).  For the rest of us, introducing yourself to people is awkward, and inviting someone new to hang out can be more nerve-wracking than asking your crush out on a date. Even if you do schedule a time to meet, who has the time for regular get-togethers when you hardly see your current friends as it is?  Sign up for the Explain It to Me newsletter The newsletter is part of Vox’s Explain It to Me. Each week, we tackle a question from our audience and deliver a digestible explainer from one of our journalists. Have a question you want us to answer? Ask us here. Although over 60 percent of Americans consider having close friends crucial for a fulfilling life, 8 percent of people 18 and older report having no close friends. And as our reader suspected, as we get older, our social circle starts to diminish. One study found that people generally have the most friends at age 25. After that, we’re in a gradual friend decline for the rest of our lives. In the midst of an ongoing loneliness epidemic, friends remain a lifeline: They are our champions and cheerleaders, the people we entrust with our closest secrets and insecurities, our companions for life’s moments, big and small.  If these connections are so crucial, why do we have such a tough time forming new ones? After reporting on friendship for seven years, here’s what I’ve found. Why is it so hard to make new friends? It’s not just you; most people feel this way. But when we say making friends as adults is hard, it’s because we’re comparing the experience to childhood, when it was indeed easier.  As kids, we’re thrust into social situations, like school and sports, with no real say over who’ll be there or whether we can opt out. All this forced time together facilitates relationship-building: Research shows it takes over 200 hours spent with someone to consider them a close friend. Racking up that time is much easier when you’re in the same classroom, playground, practice field, neighborhood, dorm room, or study group. As adults, who has the time to put in that kind of legwork? Our precious hours are spread between all of our responsibilities and relationships, from work and hobbies to partners and children.  One study found that once we settle down, we tend to shed an average of two friends; all the energy that went into maintaining those friendships is now devoted to a romantic partner.  The older we get, the more fixed, obligatory relationships we acquire: partners, in-laws, longtime friends, children. Modern child-rearing, in particular, can occupy so much space in your brain and calendar that your only social interactions might be with people adjacent to your child’s life and activities — people you wouldn’t necessarily choose to hang out with.  What prevents us from forming connections? Remote work has put a damper on another once-vibrant source of friendships: It’s much harder to make meaningful connections with coworkers in the age of Zoom.  Fundamentally, many of us are burned out by modern life. When you have nothing left to give at the end of the day, spending time with friends — not to mention putting yourself in exhausting scenarios to make new friends — can feel like a chore. It’s why so many of us have felt relieved when a friend cancels plans at the last minute. Finally, there’s the problem of our own self-consciousness. Let’s say you meet another parent on the sidelines of your kid’s soccer game. You compliment their shoes, they offer up a witty joke — the two of you might really get along. But you never take the connection off the field.  Why? We have a self-sabotaging tendency to believe other people don’t enjoy chatting with us as much as we enjoy talking to them, a phenomenon called the liking gap. It’s mostly an invention in our heads, but it’s powerful. So, how can I make more friends? We should act like kids again.  If you have the free time, put yourself in a situation where you’ll encounter the same group of people for an extended period of time, like a club or volunteer group. Then, try to turn off the nagging voice in your head that says you’re not interesting or might say something stupid and strike up a conversation with someone. Remember: they like you more than you think (that’s according to psychologist Marisa G. Franco in her book Platonic: How the Science of Attachment Can Help You Make — and Keep — Friends).  If you’re nervous in your new group setting, you can take a few weeks to warm up and build a relationship with others. You know exactly when and where you’ll see these people again so there’s less urgency. This makes it easier to start building toward 200 hours spent together.  For those who are strapped for time, take note of the people you already see and interact with most frequently, maybe a coworker or a neighbor. What’s stopping you from befriending them? Start with some small talk the next time you see them and graduate into longer conversations as you feel comfortable. The more meaningful these conversations become, the more likely you are to build a genuine friend-level relationship.  As awkward as it may be, ask for their phone number or email and schedule your next get-together before the current one ends. And even if you feel so burned out you couldn’t possibly imagine dragging your lifeless body off the couch for happy hour with a new person, remind yourself that connection is the antidote to that feeling, not isolation.  This will probably feel exhausting because hanging out with new people is more energy-intensive than spending time with those we already know. But it should also be fun. There’s no pressure to find your next best friend, just someone who you’ll enjoy talking to for the next 10 minutes.   This story was featured in the Explain It to Me newsletter. Sign up here. For more from Explain It to Me, check out the podcast. New episodes drop every Wednesday.
vox.com
In her first starring role, Zelda is absurdly, hilariously strong
‘Echoes of Wisdom’ is an innovative, charming and surprisingly huge blend of old and new Zelda.
washingtonpost.com
The Rise of the Midlife Coming-of-Age Party
On the day of her big coming-of-age bash, Audrey Calzada wore a tiara. Mariachi played. Friends performed a synchronized dance to Rema’s “Calm Down,” and she had a mid-party outfit change from a sequined midnight-blue gown to a gold one—just like so many other girls might do at their quinceañeras, the ritual for 15-year-olds that’s celebrated across Latin American cultures and their diaspora. But Calzada, who works in the oil industry in Texas, had passed the quinceañera milestone decades ago. She was about to hit her 50th birthday, and she was determined to celebrate with pizzazz. “The joke in my community,” she told me, “is that I’m extra.”Calzada is one of several women I spoke with who, upon turning 50, chose to celebrate a cincuentañera—a remixed version of the quinceañera that’s become more popular in recent years. On TikTok, some videos of these parties have racked up more than 1 million views. Certain hallmarks of the quinceañera, such as ball gowns and father-daughter waltzes, show up, while others, such as the gift of a “last doll,” get ditched for whatever the women prefer. “50 never looked so good,” one celebrant wrote on TikTok, captioning a video of herself catwalking in a pink dress, a tiara, and aviator shades.Some women’s families have planned their parties for them. Other women have orchestrated the festivities themselves. Yet most women I spoke with had at least one thing in common: They wanted nothing to do with the bleak depictions of older age that they were being fed. Many women at 50 “have been led to believe that life is over,” Norma Elia Cantú, a professor at Trinity University, told me. She referred to “Over the hill” birthday cards and party favors making the rounds at many midlife fetes, items suggesting that life’s latter half is an ugly descent into irrelevance, ended only by the unforgiving slap of death. Cantú, in planning her own cincuentañera in 1997, had no interest in this sort of gloom. “I wanted to counteract that,” she said, “and make it a celebration.”[Read: ]The gap between how old you are and how old you think you areThe hunger for meaningful midlife festivities of course extends beyond the Latino community. In the film Between Two Temples, released last month, a retired music teacher in upstate New York undergoes bat mitzvah preparations in late adulthood, mirroring real-life rituals in the Jewish tradition offered to older congregants at certain synagogues. Secular celebrations such as “croning ceremonies” and menopause parties are also growing in popularity across the U.S.For Latina women in the United States, celebrating a cincuentañera goes beyond just defying stereotypes about aging—it’s a culturally resonant way to honor the life that they’ve built, often with the kind of splash that many couldn’t afford as girls. Argenis Gonzalez, a quinceañera planner in Orlando, Florida, told me he estimates that 70 percent of his clients’ mothers never got to celebrate a quince of their own because of a lack of money. Julia Alvarez, in her nonfiction cultural study Once Upon a Quinceañera, writes that many first-generation Latinas skipped theirs because they “didn’t want anything that would make us stand out as anything other than all-American.”The cincuentañera, then, is a chance for women to celebrate a second coming-of-age, this time as the grown adults that they could only dream of being when they were 15.In the course of a long life, the party lineup is awfully front-loaded: By the time a person hits 40, they may have celebrated a bat mitzvah or a quinceañera or a sweet 16, a prom, a graduation, and a wedding (or two)—cultural festivities where it’s socially acceptable to drop some cash and go all out. Later in life, the number of elaborate festivities dwindles. This distribution might have made sense for humans a century ago; in 1900, the average global life expectancy was only 32 years. Yet the average life span has more than doubled since then, leaving the second half of life starved of confetti.Midlife also looks different than it used to for many women. In addition to living longer, American women are marrying later and delaying motherhood, if they choose to have children at all. After age 50, Cantú hiked Spain’s famed Camino de Santiago route five times; Calzada solo-traveled through Southeast Asia. Their lives don’t exactly square with patriarchal stereotypes of what older women might be up to, such as helping raise grandchildren or knitting sweaters in a Florida retirement home.Physical shifts such as perimenopause fuel significant change in midlife. As my colleague Sophie Gilbert wrote earlier this year, “The state of midlife, for women, is a kind of second (or third) adolescence, a coming-of-age identity crisis that roils with hormones and exploration and discontent.” Unlike the transition into adulthood, though, which boasts ceremonies galore, many women undergo this transformation with little social support or acknowledgment. Lacking rituals or jamborees, they might turn to a close friend, a journal, or a therapist to attend to the stew of feelings that accompanies any big life change.That’s where the cincuentañera plays a role. Unlike most big celebrations in a woman’s adult life, the cincuentañera focuses on her individual accomplishments. “The milestones that mark the passage of time or social success for women tend to be those of child-rearing, tend to be those of marriage,” Rachel González-Martin, a Latino-studies professor at the University of Texas at Austin and the author of Quinceañera Style, told me, referring to events like baby showers and weddings. Yet the cincuentañera is squarely about the person celebrating. It’s about a woman having “arrived at that which was potential at fifteen,” as Cantú writes in Chicana Traditions: Continuity and Change, a book she co-edited. At Cantú’s cincuentañera, for example, her three-tiered cake featured figurines of a graduate and a book, honoring her work as a professor and a writer.[Read: Three rules for middle-age happiness]The process of throwing oneself an extravagant shindig can itself be empowering. During a quinceañera, a 15-year-old might choose the flowers and the party theme, but older family members are most likely running the show and footing the bill. The cincuentañera, though, can be anything. Alma Villanueva, an Amazon Flex driver in Arizona, told me that at her cincuentañera, she danced not just with her father but with her mother as well. For Villanueva, the twist on the tradition was an opportunity to give both of her parents a public shout-out. When she took them out for a spin, she told me, “I didn’t want them to dance with me. I wanted to dance with them.” Calzada said that at her party, she also wanted to salute her relationships, and gave her loved ones tiaras of their own. “Watch til the end to see a sea of queens,” she captioned a TikTok video of her bejeweled attendees grooving to Bad Bunny.The cincuentañera may be relatively new in the history of parties, but Calzada hopes it becomes a tradition—a ritual that future generations of women can cherish as they step into a new phase of life. She hopes her daughter celebrates both a quinceañera and a cincuentañera. She wouldn’t want her to miss out on one of the cincuentañera’s greatest gifts: the chance for a woman to dream up her remaining years with a freedom she didn’t have at 20 or 40—or especially at 15. “This wasn’t coming of age, because I’m entering adulthood,” Calzada said. “This was coming into a phase of my life where I’m finally living for myself.”
theatlantic.com
Donald Trump Gets Into a Really Petty Spat With Stephen Colbert
Gilbert Flores/Variety via Getty ImagesStephen Colbert said earlier this week that Donald Trump had been “kind of boring” when he appeared on his show and the former president—obviously—could not just let that lie. “He is VERY BORING,” Trump hollered on Truth Social overnight, responding to Colbert, who was interviewed with his wife Evie on PBS News Hour about their new cookbook on Monday.The Late Show host said that the former president would not make a return to the show as a guest, with Trump's last appearance nine years ago failing to make an impression on Colbert. Read more at The Daily Beast.
thedailybeast.com
Nixon Foundation demands correction from '60 Minutes' after segment says he 'sought to destroy' WH tapes
The Richard Nixon Foundation responded to a "60 Minutes" segment that alleged former President Nixon "sought to destroy" audio tapes that might have implicated him.
foxnews.com
Elementary school slated for demolition burns in Montgomery County
JoAnn Leleck Elementary School was being demolished to make way for a new, larger building.
washingtonpost.com
Dinesh D’Souza’s ‘Vindicating Trump’: The Number-One Political Virtue Needed Right Now Is Courage and Trump Has That in Spades
Author and filmmaker Dinesh D’Souza joined Breitbart News Daily to discuss his new movie "Vindicating Trump" which makes “the case for Trump.”  The post Dinesh D’Souza’s ‘Vindicating Trump’: The Number-One Political Virtue Needed Right Now Is Courage and Trump Has That in Spades appeared first on Breitbart.
breitbart.com
Are Screens or Parents to Blame for the Teen Mental Health Crisis?
Parents and educators must wake up, shape up, and follow the compounding data that’s pinpointing screen time as one of the major factors paralyzing the physical, developmental, and emotional development of our children. The post Are Screens or Parents to Blame for the Teen Mental Health Crisis? appeared first on Breitbart.
breitbart.com
How Digital Technology Can Help the U.N. Achieve Its 2030 Agenda
Right now, 2.6 billion people around the world are not online. That creates real world problems that harm public health, social equality and economic development.
time.com
Just qualifying for MLB’s postseason is proving more important than how you get there
They’re still talking about it now, with the Mets in Atlanta again, this time trying desperately to hang onto another wild-card berth.
nypost.com
Hijacked bus speeds through LA with driver held at gunpoint
A Los Angeles bus was allegedly hijacked with the driver being forced to drive at gunpoint before police were able to apprehend the suspect.
abcnews.go.com
Police chase hijacked bus in Los Angeles with hostages on board
Police in Los Angeles were pursuing a bus that was hijacked on Wednesday morning with hostages on board, including a shooting victim.
foxnews.com
JetBlue passenger clashes with fellow flier over ‘stolen’ Apple charger: ‘Is it stealing if you give it back?’
A brazen JetBlue passenger admitted to taking a fellow passenger’s Apple phone charger on their flight, only to get into a heated back-and-forth on their plane.
nypost.com
Trump assassination attempt: Inexperienced Secret Service agent flying drone called toll-free number for help
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs releases preliminary findings on Secret Service handling of Trump rally assassination attempt.
foxnews.com
Despite franchise futility, Ron Washington believes he can teach the Angels how to win
Ron Washington admits it has been frustrating teaching inexperienced Angels how to be major-leaguers, but he is confident his work will pay off.
latimes.com
Why Katy Perry Can’t Get Her Groove Back
The pop singer is stuck in a rut—and her soulless new album doesn’t get her moving.
theatlantic.com
The War That Would Not End
Inside the year-long American effort to release the hostages, end the fighting in Gaza, and bring peace to the Middle East
theatlantic.com
Former Southland players balance school and football in Ivy League
Former Gardena Serra standout Kai Honda is the latest Southland star set to begin his Ivy League days at Princeton.
latimes.com
The Sports Report: Dodgers come out flat and lose to Padres
Dodgers comes out flat and fall behind, then rally only to lose to Padres on a game-ending triple play.
latimes.com
Why do we say “like,” like, all the time? 
There is a word that is the bane of existence for English teachers, parents, and podcast listeners everywhere: “like.” This week on Explain It to Me, we answer a pressing question for our listener, Allison: “Why do I use the word ‘like’ so much?” Allison is a college junior, and with graduation on the horizon, she wants to sound more mature before she enters the workforce. “When I’ve been in internship interviews or job interviews, I do my best to speak more eloquently,” she said. “Why do I say “like’ so often?” To tackle this question, I had a conversation with Valerie Fridland, sociolinguist and author of the book Like, Literally, Dude: Arguing for the Good in Bad English. Though often dismissed as a “filler word,” Friedland argues that we use “like” in our conversations for a reason. “The reality with ‘like’ is it has come into our language because it serves some really important purposes for us,” she said. “No one starts using a word because it’s pointless.” Fridland talked to me about how “like” is indispensable in so many ways, how it entered the lexicon, and if people use it as often as we think.  Below is an excerpt of our conversation, edited for length and clarity. For more, you can listen to Explain It to Me on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you get podcasts. If you’d like to submit a question, send an email to askvox@vox.com or call 1-800-618-8545. I remember being as young as seventh grade and my parents being at a parent teacher conference. My mom and dad said to my teacher, “She uses the word ‘like’ so much. How do we get her to stop?” And my teacher was like, “Oh, my kids do it too.”  I want to say that when you were introducing that, you’re saying what the teacher was saying. You said “she was like.” I can’t turn it off! But it was serving a function for you because that is one form of “like.” It’s what we call in linguistic speak a “quotative like,” and that “like” substitutes for the verb “to say.” What you are doing is saying, “I’m not telling you verbatim what the teacher said. I’m giving you sort of my subjective recall of what she said.” It’s a really useful tool because it allows you more flexibility when telling a story. That makes sense. You can use it sometimes to draw attention or highlight. It can also be used to hedge what you say. And a lot of times you use “like” to indicate that this is a subjective estimation of something. So you could say, “He’s like a doctor or something,” which is indicating I don’t exactly know what he does, but it’s something like a doctor. Then, you can also use it at the beginning of a sentence. And that’s a little different. That’s usually a sentential adverbial, which makes it sound fancy and important, but really what it means is it’s a linking “like.” So when you say something such as “I don’t know what he did. Like, I think he was a doctor.”  The similarity among all these likes is that they’re all expressing some sort of subjectivity. And that’s the true power of “like.” Subjectivity is something that’s often frowned on and not taken as seriously as something that’s considered a cold, hard fact. Absolutely. There are a number of reasons why people don’t like “like.” I think one is because its whole purpose is impreciseness.  Often we take impreciseness to be uncertainty, but those are not the same thing. Just because someone is imprecise in what they’re saying doesn’t mean they’re uncertain about what they’re saying. Those are actually two very important distinctions. Unfortunately, the people that tend to be associated with “like” use, are also the people that are typically thought of as vacuous, empty-headed and sort of clueless. And that’s young people and women. Those are also the people that tend to use “like” the most. So you throw in this feature that marks impreciseness on a group that is often associated with being uncertain, being less sure of themselves, being less confident — which is not a fair assessment of them — but still the assessment. That makes for a feature people don’t like. What is it about the word like that makes it so flexible for all these different uses? Like is a very, very, very old word. Words shift and change meaning through time. And the older the word, the more often it can do this.  In about the 13th century, we first get “like” in our language and it is a verb. Then around the 15th and 16th centuries, we start to use it in similes. And then around the 16th century, you start using it as a conjunction, where instead of just being between two objects, you’re expressing similarity between an object and a whole sentence: “He rode the bike like the sky was on fire.” Then, in the 1700s, you start to see it as a discourse marker, often from lower status criminal witnesses or criminal defendants giving testimony in the Old Bailey proceedings in London.  That’s where we actually start to see “like” used this way for the first time. Who uses “like” the most now? When we look at studies done in the early 2000s, users under 40 were the most predominant “like” users, and users over 40 used it to a much less degree. It seems to have really come into fashion in the 80s and 90s.  It has increased in use in every generation since. So is it true that it is very much a Gen Z feature? Yes. And they might use it more than the generation above them, because it has continued to progress in their speech. But were they the innovators? Absolutely not. And was it something that was really a strong feature of the previous generations, millennials and Gen X? Absolutely. 
vox.com
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