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‘Operación bikini’ infantil: los riesgos de poner a dieta por estética a niños y (sobre todo) niñas

‘Operación bikini’ infantil: los riesgos de poner a dieta por estética a niños y (sobre todo) niñas

Primera hora de la mañana en una clase de educación infantil de un colegio público. Cada día, la profesora pregunta a los niños y niñas qué han desayunado en casa. Tienen entre cuatro y cinco años. Una de las niñas responde:

—Yo hoy he desayunado pepino y yogur desnatado.

A la profesora le sorprende la respuesta; no es lo habitual a estas edades. Así que los días siguientes insiste con la pregunta. Pechuga de pavo, avena integral, tomate y queso fresco, va respondiendo la niña. Son alimentos que podrían formar parte de una dieta de adelgazamiento. La profesora lo comenta con la madre y ella se lo confirma: la niña ha cogido unos kilos en los últimos meses, así que la ha puesto a dieta. “Es que se ha puesto muy gorda, no puede ser. Tiene que adelgazar”, explica la madre. La niña asiente resignada, parece estar de acuerdo con el régimen de adelgazamiento. Tiene cinco años.

Para la nutricionista Andrea Calderón, estas situaciones no deberían suceder nunca. “No estoy a favor de pautar una dieta con enfoque de adelgazamiento a un niño o niña porque le puede generar malas relaciones con la comida”, asegura Calderón, que además es profesora de Nutrición de la Universidad Europea y secretaria científica de la Sociedad Española de Dietética y Ciencias de la Alimentación (SEDCA). “Un enfoque 'pesocentrista' [basado únicamente en el control de peso] o 'calóricocentrista' [centrado en reducir la ingesta de calorías], en la que al niño o niña se le pone una dieta muy restrictiva, es lo que lleva a la gordofobia desde edades muy tempranas”, explica la experta.

Coincide en parte con ella Teresa Cenarro, pediatra de Atención Primaria y vicepresidenta de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPAP). “Los niños están en fase total de crecimiento y hay muchos alimentos que necesitan para su desarrollo, así que ponerlos a dieta sin motivos médicos y sin supervisión puede ser peligroso. Si hay que poner una dieta a un niño, sobre todo a los más pequeños, tiene que ser por un motivo médico y siempre bajo supervisión”, explica la pediatra.

Ana —el nombre es ficticio— tiene ahora 10 años. Su historia la cuenta una familiar de su entorno, que también prefiere mantenerse en el anonimato. Cuenta la familiar que la niña está a dieta “desde siempre y de manera continua”. En su caso, animada por sus padres, que la ven “pasada de peso” y piensan que está “gorda” desde muy pequeña. “Lo que hacen es restringirle la cantidad de comida e insistirle sin demasiado criterio en que no coma tanto, sin prestar atención a los aportes calóricos ni a nada que tenga que ver con la salud. Se trata de un criterio estético de sus padres, pero no hay una justificación desde el punto de vista de la salud. Y es una pena, porque a la niña le encanta comer, disfruta mucho, pero se están cargando su relación con la comida”, lamenta su familiar.

Este tipo de casos los ha visto en consulta Andrea Calderón en demasiadas ocasiones. “He visto niños y niñas a los que han sometido a dietas estrictas, diferenciando la comida por ejemplo del hermano, del resto de su familia o de los amigos en un cumpleaños puntual. O niños que van a una hamburguesería a un cumple y el niño está tomando un tupper de fruta de su casa, con envidia, mientras el resto de niños comen de manera puntual una hamburguesa, un helado o un refresco”, expone Calderón.

Las consecuencias de estas dietas pueden ser nefastas. “Esto puede ir generando poco a poco una mala relación con la comida, que puede derivar en trastornos de la conducta alimentaria graves, como la anorexia o la bulimia, cuando llegue el momento en que al niño o niña empiece a interesarle más la estética, por ejemplo durante la adolescencia”, explica la nutricionista. Calderón aprecia, además, un sesgo de género: la presión recae fundamentalmente sobre niñas y chicas. “Aunque no existen estudios desde el punto de vista médico, lo que sí está claro es que el riesgo de obsesionarse con la alimentación se ve más en chicas que en chicos, porque hay más estigma con la imagen corporal, con la delgadez y con la parte estética”, asegura Calderón.

Tanto Cenarro como Calderón reconocen que los problemas de sobrepeso u obesidad infantil han ido en aumento, y las consecuencias pueden ser importantes. Pero insisten en que la solución nunca puede ser poner a niños y niñas a dieta, ni siquiera en casos en que tengan que perder peso por su salud –y mucho menos cuando se hace únicamente por estética–. La solución, según las expertas, pasa por la adquisición de buenos hábitos alimentarios y la práctica regular de ejercicio físico.

“Más que poner a dieta, lo que hay que buscar es que los niños y niñas adquieran hábitos saludables que luego puedan sostener durante la adolescencia y la edad adulta”, explica la pediatra Teresa Cenarro. Para la nutricionista Andrea Calderón, el enfoque debe ser integral e incluir a toda la familia: “Los malos hábitos de un niño vienen de los malos hábitos de los padres, que son los que normalmente compran y preparan la comida. Así que toda la familia debe adquirir buenos hábitos de alimentación, evitando los ultraprocesados y realizando ejercicio regularmente”, concluye Calderón.


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