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When did sexual choking become almost as mainstream as the missionary position?  Nobody knows for sure, says Debby Herbenick, a leading sexuality researcher at Indiana University and author of Yes, Your Kid: What Parents Need to Know About Today’s Teens and Sex. But judging by the way it’s turning up in music, TV, and social media, being strangled for sexual gratification is now far from taboo. (Although losing your breath due to external airway blockage is technically strangulation, experts commonly use the term “choking” to describe the practice in sexual contexts.)  That tracks with a growing body of research — much of it led by Herbenick — suggesting that a truly astonishing number of young people are choking each other during sex. In surveys she and her team have conducted over the past four years, about half of American college students acknowledge being choked during sex, despite the fact that the practice poses significant health risks.  Like so much of what contemporary humans do in bed, sexual choking initially wormed its way into modern sexual repertoires via pornography. Now, it’s everywhere, says Herbenick — but often as a symbol of sexual edginess and without the context acknowledging the true risks of the practice.  Judging by the way it’s turning up in music, TV, and social media, being strangled for sexual gratification is now far from taboo Young people deserve to have exciting sex lives; “We just want you to live so you can enjoy that exciting sex life,” she says.  I talked to Herbenick about why so many people are engaging in sexual choking, what makes it so risky, and how to talk about it. Our conversation has been edited for length and clarity. How common is sexual choking? For a long time, the media narrative on sexual choking has been that it’s rare — but it’s not. In college student surveys we’ve done over the past four years, we consistently find that around 65 percent of young adult women and around 45 percent of transgender and gender non-binary have been choked during sexual activity of some kind. In sex between women and men, it’s almost always the women being choked and the men doing the choking. Around 25 to 30 percent of male college students also say they’ve been choked during sex. When men get choked during sex, it’s usually within the context of sex with another man, although though some men do explore being occasionally choked with female partners, too. There definitely seem to be some norms where masculinity goes with choking and femininity goes with being choked. There are also some norms around sexual orientation — one queer guy I interviewed said, “My heterosexual fraternity-types of friends, they don’t get why I want to be choked, whereas, my queer friends get it.” These numbers track with the US population at large. It’s not just college students, but other young adults as well. Interestingly, almost nobody over 50 reports having ever engaged in choking. Where are people getting the idea to choke or be choked during sex? A lot of young men will talk about pornography as the place where they learned about it, but they also talk about friends and partners, and sometimes about media directed at young men, like Family Guy. For young women and gender-diverse folks, fanfiction comes up a lot. If you go back 10 to 15 years, there’s a lot of very graphic One Direction fanfiction where people were imagining Harry Styles and his bandmates choking each other and being super kinky together.  Sexual choking is also all over social media, especially on TikTok and in memes. We published a paper called #ChokeMeDaddy where we analyzed more than 300 memes that we found within a minute of searching. And it’s referenced in so many mainstream media shows: The Idol, Euphoria, Love Island, Love Is Blind, Lovesick. The No. 1 song in the country for six non-consecutive weeks was Jack Harlow’s “Lovin’ on Me,” which talks about choking as vanilla.If you are a teenager or a young adult growing up in these media spaces, you’re going to get the idea that sexual choking is very common, super-normative, possibly even romantic, or expected of you and your partners. Is it safe? There is no risk-free way to engage in choking or strangulation. When you have external pressure to the neck that reduces blood flow and or airflow, it is technically strangulation, and there’s actually a massive, longstanding literature on the health risks of being strangled. In rare cases, people die; there are other cases in which people have a stroke days or weeks or even months later and may not connect it to being strangled.  Sometimes, after I give talks on this topic around the country, health care workers stay afterward and tell me about young people they cared for who had strokes and who turned out to have been choked during sex.  There is no risk-free way to engage in choking or strangulation People can have cardiac arrest in rare cases and can also develop thyroid problems or airway collapse, but the much more common scenario is probably a very invisible cumulative brain injury.  There’s really good research on strangulation in the context of partner violence that shows people who have been strangled and who have experienced alterations in consciousness — maybe they passed out, felt like they might pass out, or felt disoriented, had tunnel vision, or saw stars. These people are significantly more likely to have poor mental health and to struggle with neurocognitive issues over the long term.  Between 19 and 30 percent of our students have experienced these alterations while being choked, and a subset specifically want that. Quite a lot of people who engage in sexual choking get close to losing consciousness, around 3 to 5 percent. It seems small, but it’s actually pretty substantial. So we really are concerned there is a sizable portion of the population of young adults who may not realize choking is likely to cause lasting damage to their brain.  None of us [researchers] are aware of a reporting mechanism for this. That is something that I  would love for the federal government to think about is a systematic way to collect injury and fatality data on sexual choking or strangulation. The best health-related medical advice is, don’t do it. Don’t choke other people, and tell your partners you don’t want to be choked. Find other ways to have sex. It can help people to remember that the sexual menu is vast, and if they like being submissive or they like being dominant or if they like to role play, there are ways to do those things that don’t risk injury and death. What advice would you give to people who might feel pressured to engage in sexual choking?  You can say early on, in either a relationship or an encounter, “By the way, please don’t choke me because I’m not into it.” Or, “Don’t ask me to choke you because it’s too risky for me and I’m not going to do it.” If somebody tells you there’s a safe way to do it, you can respond, “Actually, there’s really not — so I’m not going to do it. That’s my line. Thanks for respecting it.” People aren’t getting accurate messages about the risks of sexual choking from online sources. When most of my students hear about the health risks of choking, they generally say no one ever told them that before. And most of them say they’re going to find safer ways to have the kind of sex they want. And then I have a smaller subset of students who say, “I’m okay with these risks — can you tell me some ways to make it less risky?” What’s your advice for those people? Consent seems particularly tricky in these scenarios. Choking is different from other kinds of sex in that it involves experiences in which people lose the ability to communicate, which also means the person being choked may lose the ability to withdraw consent. This can get you into really tricky situations — you can be liable for assault if you are having sex with somebody who has lost consciousness, even briefly.  For people who choose to engage in it regardless of the risks, really clear consent is key, preferably before you ever engage in choking, outside of a sexual situation. We have heard of too many situations where somebody just chokes their partner without asking, or they get consent by putting their hand on their partner’s throat and then gauging their reaction — reading the vibe or the energy, when the partner might not feel like they can freely consent in a meaningful way. So there’s a worry there about pressure or coercion. Really clear consent is key, preferably before you ever engage in choking, outside of a sexual situation People who are really more into kink will tell you: Have this conversation when you’re hanging out, having tea, and planning your sexual event. Don’t spring it on somebody during sex. Are there other ways to take a “harm reduction” approach to sexual choking? Stay away from using other items, like belts and cords, or using arms and legs for choking — they’re associated with higher risks than hands. Avoid pressing on the windpipe, but also, avoid pressing on the sides of the neck. Although there’s misinformation out there saying the sides of the neck are safer, they’re not — you’re still risking brain injury and stroke and other harms. Go very, very light. We’ve had some folks in interviews who say that they didn’t feel comfortable choking a partner or being choked, so they switched from the neck to the collarbone. About 40 percent of our students tell us they’ve had experiences where they couldn’t breathe while being choked. If you’re going to engage in choking one way or another, you could tell your partner, “I do like to be choked, but not hard — only at the absolute lightest pressures.” You could also say, “Don’t ‘choke me out.’”  If they’ve seen pornography, if they listen to Jack Harlow, if they watch The Idol, they’ve probably heard about choking In our student surveys, about 4 percent of the people who have been choked report noticing neck swelling, which increases the risk for an airway collapse or another complication. If you have neck swelling, you should be observed in an emergency room setting for up to 36 hours in case you suddenly start to struggle with breathing. So for people who engage in sexual choking, it’s worth knowing that if they or their partner has some neck swelling, they should reach out to a nurse or doctor or go to an emergency room and be evaluated.  How should parents be talking to their kids about this? Parents sometimes fear bringing this up because they don’t want to plant ideas in their kids’ heads. But if they’ve seen pornography, if they listen to Jack Harlow, if they watch The Idol, they’ve probably heard about choking. Even if it scares us or worries us, we want to come to these conversations without shaming and judging kids. We can ask them what they’ve seen, what they’ve heard — something like, “I’ve heard that there’s this trend about sexual choking. Have you or your friends talked about this or heard about it? What do people say about it? What’s your sense of it?” And then, “I want to share some facts with you about it because I have some worries that maybe people your age aren’t getting factual information about it.” These are hard conversations. Role-playing it with a best friend or a co-parent or spouse can help parents prepare for them. Is there anything educators can do to talk about it? Ten to 20 years ago, many school systems were faced with the choking game challenge, where kids were seeing how long they could hold their breath or choking each other to pass out. Some kids died, and the CDC issued a warning to parents and to pediatricians. It resurfaced a few years ago as a TikTok challenge and again, kids died. The point is, schools can approach this from a brain health perspective — not as a sexualized thing, but more like, “People should always be able to breathe; the brain needs blood flow to provide it with glucose and oxygen, which are food for the brain. It’s not safe to stop blood flow or oxygen flow to the brain.”  At some schools, they can talk about sexual choking in the context of consent; in the rare schools where they can teach pornography literacy, they can talk about this in the context of the bad information a lot of young people get from it.  During the first wave of the choking game trend, the CDC issued a warning to parents and to pediatricians. I wish they’d issue official guidance around sexual choking. This is a major public health issue.

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CNNNot for the first time, a CNN panel erupted into a heated exchange between participants on whether Donald Trump is a racist.The bitter war of words came on Monday night’s edition of NewsNight with Abby Phillip after Scott Jennings, a former GOP strategist, said it was “perfectly fine to acknowledge” some people are “genetically predisposed to violence.”“All he is commenting on is the violent murderers who are in the country,” Jennings added of Trump’s suggestion earlier in the day that migrants who commit murder in the U.S. do so because “it’s in their genes.” “It’s simply not true what is being said about him today.”Read more at The Daily Beast.

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A rainbow parrotfish swims in the shallow waters of Bonaire, a small Dutch island in the south Caribbean. The ocean is full of strange creatures. The parrotfish is no exception. Its teeth are fused into a sharp beak, giving it a birdlike appearance. It’s hermaphroditic, changing sex partway through its life. And to sleep, some parrotfish engulf themselves in a mucus cocoon. Odd and awkward-looking as it may be, this creature is a true hero of the ocean. Rising global temperatures, various diseases, and coastal development have been killing off the world’s coral reefs, iconic ecosystems that support as much as a quarter of all marine life. By some estimates, the live area of coral globally has declined by half since the 1950s. But the situation would almost certainly be worse if it weren’t for parrotfish. A stoplight (left) and queen (right) parrotfish on a coral reef in Bonaire. There are dozens of parrotfish species worldwide. Parrotfish are essentially janitors who are very good at their jobs. While cruising around the reef, these animals — which live in oceans all over the world — scrape colonies of bacteria and algae off rocks using their beaks. If left unchecked, that algae can grow out of control, smothering reefs and preventing new corals from growing. And that makes it hard for reefs to recover after a bout of, say, extreme ocean warming kills off a bunch of coral. So where you find hungry parrotfish, coral has more room to grow. The problem is that, on many reefs, the number of parrotfish — and especially large ones in the Caribbean — has plummeted. Other algae grazers like sea urchins, meanwhile, have vanished, too. Some scientists say that’s why Caribbean reefs have failed to recover following climate-related impacts like bleaching and superstorms; there’s simply too much algae for coral to regrow. On the flip side, these dynamics offer a bit of hope for an ecosystem that seems all but doomed: By protecting parrotfish, alongside efforts to rein in climate-warming emissions, countries might have a better shot at saving reefs. Reefs are turning green If there’s one thing people know about coral reefs it’s that they’re colorful — an intricate mosaic of blues, reds, pinks, and oranges.  But more and more, just one color is starting to dominate: green.  In step with the decline of coral is the rise of algae, or seaweed. When corals die, this green, plant-like organism grows quickly on top of their skeletons. And as it spreads, that seaweed can prevent corals from regrowing.  Baby corals, which start their lives swimming in the ocean, need a bit of bare rock to grow on and harden into adults. When the seafloor is covered in algae, larval coral has nowhere to develop. Seaweed can also release chemicals that harm coral and, when it grows abundantly, shade out reefs.       “The biggest enemy of corals is really seaweed,” said Nancy Knowlton, a marine scientist and author, formerly with the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. “It goes without saying that reefs will recover better if they don’t have to deal with lots of seaweed.” Research shows that in the last 50 years or so, algae has proliferated in coral reefs worldwide, and especially in the Caribbean.   Algae thrives on human waste, such as sewage, and runoff from farmland. This water pollution is full of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus that algae need to grow. So as it runs into the ocean, algae booms. Plus, one of the most voracious algae-eaters, the long-spined black sea urchin, began dying in the Caribbean in the 1980s, likely from a waterborne pathogen. Caribbean reefs lost, on average, more than 90 percent of their urchins in a matter of weeks, and those populations have yet to recover. Now, the important job of constricting algae — of giving corals a better shot at growing and recovering from die-offs — has fallen to certain vegetarian fish, including the parrotfish. In some parts of the Caribbean, parrotfish may be the only thing standing between a relatively healthy reef and one shrouded in green noxious gunk. Parrotfish to the rescue The life of a parrotfish mostly consists of munching on rocks and dead corals, grinding it into sand, and releasing it through their rear ends. Some of the world’s beaches are largely made of parrotfish poop. It’s not totally clear what parrotfish are actually eating. Research suggests that their main source of food is colonies of bacteria including cyanobacteria and other microbes that live on rock surfaces, often alongside more visible clumps of seaweed. Parrotfish likely don’t seek out the seaweed itself — the stuff known to be harmful to coral growth and recovery. But when they’re grazing on microbes, they still end up removing it from rock surfaces, according to Andrew Shantz, who studies parrotfish at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa.  “Irrespective of what they’re targeting, they end up removing algae from the reef,” Shantz told Vox. “That gives room for corals to come in and settle or grow and occupy that space.” It’s kind of like how you might weed a garden before planting seeds to give your seedings room to develop. This story was produced in collaboration with the Pulitzer Center This is the third story in an ongoing series on the future of coral reefs as they face threats from climate change and disease. It was supported by the BAND Foundation and a grant from the Pulitzer Center. Read the first two stories here: This coral reef has given scientists hope for years. Now they’re worried. These beloved sea creatures are dying. Can human medicine save them? A number of studies have shown that when you exclude large fish including parrotfish from a reef, it gets covered in more algae, and that appears to limit the growth of some corals. One study in Belize, for example, documented less algae and more baby corals when large parrotfish were around.  Similarly, a 2017 study in Nature Communications linked parrotfish to reef growth in Panama by examining historical records of fish teeth and coral fragments. The study relied on reef sediment cores: tubes of material extracted from the seafloor that contain layers of coral, sea shells, and animal remains. Those cores allowed researchers to see how fast the reef was growing and — by looking at the number and shape of teeth — how many parrotfish were on the reef.   Studies like this support the simple idea that parrotfish help coral reefs, yet the relationship between fish and coral is complex and somewhat controversial in marine biology. Smaller parrotfish, for example, don’t seem to limit the amount of seaweed, even if there are a lot of them. Some studies have also failed to find links between fishing restrictions — which typically lead to more parrotfish — and the amount of algae and live coral. Parrotfish also snack on live coral to an extent, though scientists don’t suspect this causes much damage to reefs. “The effect of parrotfish on reef dynamics is not always clear,” said Joshua Manning, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Colorado Boulder who studies parrotfish. “It’s still safe to say that parrotfish are good for the reef.” What a reef full of parrotfish looks like People have been eating parrotfish for centuries in the tropics, and it’s still common today in many coastal communities throughout the world. (They taste like sweet shellfish, according to a quick Google search). While global population data is sparse, it’s clear that overfishing has caused parrotfish — and especially large parrotfish, which are favored by fishermen — to decline in some of these regions, like Jamaica and Micronesia.  These declines have almost certainly contributed to the rise of algae.  But there are also places that have protected parrotfish for decades, where these animals are still abundant and apparently doing their job well. The Dutch island of Bonaire, for example, has banned spearfishing — a common method for catching parrotfish — since the early 1970s. The island, which is just east of Curacao in the south Caribbean, also outlawed the harvest of parrotfish altogether in 2010. While some of Bonaire’s large parrotfish have still declined, it has at least double the number of parrotfish compared to most other Caribbean reefs, according to a 2018 report by the Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance, a nonprofit.  Scenes underwater in Bonaire, home to what some scientists consider the healthiest coral reef in the Caribbean. All those parrotfish help limit the growth of algae on Bonaire’s reef, according to Robert Steneck, professor emeritus at the University of Maine, who’s been studying Bonaire’s reef for more than 20 years. That in turn has helped the coral here survive, he said. Indeed, while much of the Caribbean’s coral has died off in recent decades from bleaching and disease, the reef in Bonaire is still intact; parts of it are still thriving. What’s more, Bonaire’s reef has been able to bounce back from large-scale die-offs in the past, according to Steneck’s research. Parrotfish essentially make this ecosystem more resilient, he said. The reality is more complicated. There are a number of reasons, beyond the abundance of parrotfish, why Bonaire’s reef is healthier than other parts of the Caribbean. The island lies below the path of most Atlantic hurricanes, for example. Bonaire’s coral is also not nearly as healthy as it once was. Bleaching has been harming the reef for years. And in the spring of 2023, a wildlife disease started sweeping through and killing off hundreds of corals, some of which were centuries old. Against these mounting threats, parrotfish can do very little. When coral die-offs are unrelenting and pollution continues to flow into the ocean, reefs get overcome by seaweed. Once that happens, parrotfish can’t do much to bring them back to life, Manning said. “At some point, with the intensity and frequency of these disturbances, the parrotfish grazing is not going to be able to keep pace,” he said. Nonetheless, reefs are still better off with more of them. Saving coral reefs depends, above all, on policies and corporate efforts to slash carbon emissions, but that doesn’t mean effective fishing regulations don’t also help. What parrotfish reveal is that individual components of an ecosystem matter. Take one piece out and the system starts to fail. “We need to protect them, even if only to give reefs a chance,” Manning said. “As long as we have parrotfish, we might have a chance at least prolonging the potential for reefs to come back.” 

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