Tools
Change country:
- Politics
- PowerPost
- Fact Checker
- The Fix
- Monkey Cage
- Opinions
- Act Four
- All Opinions Are Local
- ComPost
- Book Party
- Erik Wemple
- The Plum LineThe Plum Line
- PostPartisan
- PostEverything
- Rampage
- Right Turn
- Tom Toles
- The Watch
- D.C., Md. & Va.
- Answer Sheet
- Capital Weather Gang
- Inspired Life
- Sports
- Sports
- AllMetSports
- D.C. Sports Bog
- The Insider
- Maryland Terrapins
- Soccer Insider
- Washington Capitals
- Washington Nationals
- Washington Wizards
- National
- Innovations
- Morning Mix
- Business
- On Leadership
- Lifestyle
- Arts and Entertainment
- Solo-ish
- Reliable Source
- Arts & Entertainment
- Comic Riffs
- Going Out Guide
- USATODAY - MLB Top Stories
- USATODAY - Healey
- USATODAY - News Top Stories
- USATODAY - Nation Top Stories
- USATODAY - Washington Top Stories
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- USATODAY - College Football Top Stories
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- USATODAY - Fantasy
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- USA Today - MMAjunkie
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- USATODAY - Money Top Stories
- USATODAY - Tech Top Stories
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- USATODAY - Gaming
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- USATODAY - The Cruise Log
- GANNETT Syndication Service
- Home - CBSNews.com
- Us - CBSNews.com
- Politics - CBSNews.com
- World - CBSNews.com
- Science - CBSNews.com
- Technology - CBSNews.com
- Health - CBSNews.com
- Entertainment - CBSNews.com
- Moneywatch - CBSNews.com
- Evening News Cbs News Investigates - CBSNews.com
- Opinion - CBSNews.com
- Video - CBSNews.com
- Cbs This Morning - CBSNews.com
- Evening News - CBSNews.com
- 48 Hours - CBSNews.com
- 60 Minutes - CBSNews.com
- Sunday Morning - CBSNews.com
- Face The Nation - CBSNews.com
- Strange - CBSNews.com
- Politics, Policy, Political News Top Stories
- Congress
- Health Care
- Defense
- Economy
- Energy & Environment
- Politics
- Playbook
- Morning Tech
- Morning Money
- POLITICO Pulse
- Huddle
- Morning Energy
- Morning Defense
- POLITICO Influence
- Morning Score
- Morning Transportation
- Morning Education
- Morning Tax
- Morning Agriculture
- Morning Cybersecurity
- Morning eHealth
- Morning Shift
- Morning Trade
- The Atlantic
- Best of The Atlantic
- Politics | The Atlantic
- Business | The Atlantic
- Culture | The Atlantic
- Global | The Atlantic
- Technology | The Atlantic
- U.S. | The Atlantic
- Health | The Atlantic
- Video | The Atlantic
- Education | The Atlantic
- Ideas | The Atlantic
- Family | The Atlantic
- Books | The Atlantic
- Science | The Atlantic
- Letters | The Atlantic
- News | The Atlantic
- Press Releases | The Atlantic
- Newsletters | The Atlantic
- The Masthead | The Atlantic
- The Atlantic
- News from California, the nation and world
- Hockey
- Soccer
- Travel
- World & Nation
- High School Sports
- UCLA Sports
- Angels
- Chargers
- Bill Plaschke
- USC Sports
- Lakers
- Dodgers
- Clippers
- Rams
- Sports
- Opinion
- Politics
- Science
- Lifestyle
- Food
- Awards
- Music
- Company Town
- Books
- Movies
- Television
- Orange County
- Climate & Environment
- Entertainment & Arts
- Technology
- Autos
- California
- Business
- Hot Property
- Media | New York Post
- New York Post
- New York Post
- New York Post
- New York Post
- Fashion News, Photos, and Video | New York Post
- Living | New York Post
- Technology News & Reviews | New York Post
- Real Estate | New York Post
- Metro | New York Post
- Sports | New York Post
- Opinion | New York Post
- Entertainment | New York Post
- Business | New York Post
- News | New York Post
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Intl Homepage - News
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - World
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Regions - Africa
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Regions - Americas
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Regions - Asia
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Regions - Europe
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Regions - Middle East
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - US
- World business news - CNNMoney.com
- CNN.com - Technology
- CNN.com - Science and Space
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Entertainment
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Sport
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Sport - Football
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Sport - Golf
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Sport - Motorsport
- CNN.com - Tennis
- CNN.com - RSS Channel - Travel
- CNN.com - Travel
- CNN.com - RSS Channel
- CNN.com - RSS Channel
Appearance
Settings
The Atlantic
China Has Only Itself to Blame for a Trade War
theatlantic.com
A global trade war is starting, and China is at the center of it. A reckoning for Beijingâs economic model, which is designed to promote Chinese industry at the expense of the rest of the world, has long been coming. Chinaâs trading partners have had enough. The result will be a wave of protectionism, with potentially dire consequences for both Chi
China Has Only Itself to Blame for a Trade War
A global trade war is starting, and China is at the center of it. A reckoning for Beijingâs economic model, which is designed to promote Chinese industry at the expense of the rest of the world, has long been coming. Chinaâs trading partners have had enough. The result will be a wave of protectionism, with potentially dire consequences for both China and the global economy.The most obvious and dramatic evidence for this was unveiled yesterday by President Joe Biden, who announced that his administration would quadruple the existing tariffs on imported Chinese electric vehicles, to 100 percent. He will also hike tariffs on steel, aluminum, medical equipment, semiconductors, solar cells, and lithium batteries. The Chinese government instantly protested and threatened action of its own. âThe United States should immediately correct its wrong practices,â the Chinese Ministry of Commerce said in a statement. âChina will take resolute measures to defend its own rights and interests.âYet Chinaâs leaders have no one to blame but themselves. They joined a global trading system and then gamed that system. Bidenâs tariffs are the natural response, though not an entirely positive one. Protectionism raises costs, hurts consumers, shields unworthy companies from competition, and punishes worthier ones. Disputes over trade will only intensify the rivalry between the worldâs two great powers.This souring of trade relations wasnât always foreordainedâbut it had become virtually unavoidable. Chinese leader Xi Jinping has failed to reform his economy in ways that would have made this trade war less likely. Facing this confrontation with the United States, he is even less likely to make reforms today. The result is trade conflict and heightened political tensions that benefit no one.[Derek Thompson: Trade wars are not good, or easy to win]Biden targeted EVs for a reason. Beijingâs leaders wanted to dominate that industry and threw the weight of the state behind Chinese companies. The program was undeniably successful. China is at the forefront of the EV industry, while the United States, with the exception of Tesla, has barely gotten out of the parking lot. But electrical automotive is also a sector in which Chinaâs government has played such a heavy role, and created so much manufacturing capacity, that other governments believe their own industries are at risk.Both that prowess and that excess were on display recently at the Beijing Auto Show. The exhibition included no fewer than 278 EV models. Thatâs indicative of a market jammed with 139 EV brands. The already gridlocked Chinese car market didnât dissuade the Chinese smartphone maker Xiaomi from jumping in, with its first EV offering in the showâs spotlight. China simply has too many car companies with too many factories making too many cars. Counting both EVs and internal-combustion-engine vehicles, Chinaâs auto industry now has the capacity to produce almost twice as many vehicles as Chinese consumers are buying, according to the Shanghai-based consultancy Automobility Limited. Although oversupply in the EV sector, where demand is still growing, is not as severe as in the legacy business, Chinese automakers are still adding assembly lines. BYD, for instance, plans to more than double its EV production capacity by 2026.China now has the largest domestic car market in the world, but even Chinese consumers cannot sustain so many factories, especially as the countryâs economy slows. So automakers are off-loading their surplus products into the global marketplace. China vied with Japan for the title of worldâs largest car exporter last yearThis hefty outflow of Chinese cars has earned unwelcome attention from policy makers in the U.S. and Europe. They contend that the Chinese government unduly supports and promotes Chinaâs bloated automobile sector; as a consequence, their own automakers are threatened by a deluge of cheap Chinese vehicles. During an official visit to China in late April, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that the issue of Chinaâs excess capacity was âfront and centerâ for Washington. Chinese industry, he added, is âflooding markets, undermining competition, putting at risk livelihoods and businesses around the world.â While also visiting China in April, Germanyâs chancellor, Olaf Scholz, expressed similar concerns.âThe one thing that must always be clear is that competition must be fair,â Scholz said in a speech in Shanghai. Chinaâs leaders think it already is. They retort that the success of Chinese automakers is due entirely to their competitive advantages. Premier Li Qiang told Scholz that greater supply âis conducive to full market competition and promoting the survival of the fittest.â[Michael Schuman: To China, allâs fair in love and trade wars]The state news agency Xinhua argued that Chinaâs edge âhas been honed through diligent efforts and genuine expertise, rooted in market competition, innovation, and entrepreneurship,â and went on to claim that âthe world doesnât want less of Chinaâs capacity, but wants more.â Therefore, the criticism of Chinaâs industry âmay look like an economic discussion,â a spokesperson for the Chinese foreign ministry said, but it âignores more than 200 years of the basic concept of comparative advantage in Western economics.âThe fact that some Chinese EV companies have developed highly competitive products and technology, and benefit from real cost advantages in a relatively low-wage economy, is certainly true. Yet the governmentâs role in building and sustaining that sector is undeniable as well. Chinese economic planners wished to accelerate the EV sectorâs development, so, almost a decade ago, they targeted electric vehicles for special state assistance through their Made in China 2025 industrial program. The assistance was controversial from the start because American and European business leaders and policy makers fearedârightly, it now appearsâthat Beijingâs backing for its favored industries would distort global markets. Tax breaks, low-interest loans, subsidies to make EVs more affordable, and other aid followed.These interventions encouraged private capital to jump in as well. The result was an explosion of investment in start-ups, factories, and supply chains. As Bert Hofman, an expert on Chinaâs economy at the National University of Singapore, told me: âIf the central government says this is the new growth area, electric vehicles are the future, everybody and their grandmothers start something in electric vehicles.âAll governments place their thumb on the scale to promote their national industries to some degree. Chinaâs thumb simply weighs more heavily. A 2022 study by the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington conservatively estimated that China spent $248 billion supporting its industries in 2019. Thatâs twice as much as the United States did. âItâs the whole financial system, the whole economic system that is leveraged for industrial policy, which is very different than whatâs been happening in market economies,â Camille Boullenois, an analyst of Chinese industry at the research firm Rhodium Group, told me. Where electric vehicles are concerned, âitâs very hard to imagine the industry growing as fast without government support.âThe excess capacity, however, is not so much by design. As the automobile industry in China was revving up, the economy was slowing down. Bill Russo, Automobilityâs founder, explained to me that automakers overestimated the growth of the Chinese car market and ended up building factories to churn out vehicles for customers that never materialized. Passenger-car sales are still below where they were in 2017 thanks to a stumbling economy, the ravages of the pandemic, and other factors. Such investment, he said, âhas been the formula for cashing in on Chinaâs growth, and youâre going to have a reckoning at one point in timeâand thatâs what weâre faced with right now.âThis problem is not confined to cars. Chinaâs steel industry has maintained its output even though demand at home has been declining. The Australian bank Westpac said recently that steel exports, which are approaching record levels, have become a ârelease valveâ for this excess. Even as Chinaâs leaders rebutted foreign criticism of its bloated industries, they released draft regulations in early May to rein in expansion of lithium-battery manufacturing. Chinese state-owned media are reporting that a glut of solar panelsâanother sector dominated by Chinese companiesâis depressing prices and squeezing profits. A surge of Chinese investment into manufacturing âlegacyâ microchips (those using older technology) is sparking fears they could flood the global marketplace.[Richard Fontaine: The China problem isnât going away]Facing this Chinese onslaught, governments around the world are stepping in to protect their own industries. The European Commission is currently conducting an investigation into Chinaâs subsidizing of electric vehicles with an eye to imposing its own tariffs on their import. Rhodium anticipates that the EU will apply a duty of 15 to 30 percent on EVs, but the group argues that even this may not be sufficient to deter Chinese automakers. The Biden administrationâs move to a 100 percent EV tariff no doubt reflects similar thinking. Chile has already slapped tariffs on some Chinese steel products, while Brazil imposed quotas and duties to stave off an influx of cheap steel, mainly from China.Beijing could fend off these restrictions by reforming its domestic market. The flip side of Chinaâs excessive supply is weak demand. This is caused not just by slowing growth, but also by its entire economic model. As Michael Pettis, a specialist in Chinaâs economy at Peking University, recently pointed out, Beijingâs dirigiste policy has a side effect of subsidizing Chinaâs industry even more than it appears, by both directly and indirectly transferring wealth from families to factories: Rather than encouraging spending on goods, all of the economic incentives are to make capital investment in manufacturing. Chinaâs economic model favors producers over consumers, which holds down household incomes and limits their spending. Lacking customers at home, Chinese industry is forced to seek them abroad.New policies that nudge Chinese families to spend more and save less could alleviate the problem. One way to do this would be to strengthen the countryâs feeble social safety net. But Chinese leaders have done little to encourage that transition, perhaps because the necessary liberalizing reforms could weaken the Communist Partyâs control over the economy and society. That leaves Chinaâs industrial giants little option but to spew their excess into the global marketplace, in an effort to sustain growth and employment. The outcome is that China sells to the world more goods than it buys from it. Hofman calculated that China recorded trade surpluses with 173 economies in 2023 and deficits with only 50. That added up to a merchandise trade surplus of more than $800 billion.Xi Jinping seems set on making matters worse. His principal economic goal of achieving âself-sufficiencyâ aims to reduce what China purchases from other countries and substitute goods made by foreign companies with Chinese alternativesâespecially in industries, such as green energy, that other governments find strategic. In doing so, Xi is practically inviting more intense trade disputes.In Xiâs thinking, economic growth âis going to come from churning out a lot of this stuff and exporting it to the world,â Leland Miller, a co-founder of the research firm China Beige Book, told me. âWhy they think they can get away with that when they are already running giant, politically charged trade surpluses with most of the world, including the United States, and theyâre going to supercharge those surpluses and think thatâs going to be successful ⊠it doesnât make much sense.âThe big point is that China is not just exporting too much stuff; itâs also exporting its economic problems. Xi intends to maintain Chinese jobs and factories at the expense of other countriesâ workers and companies, to avoid necessary but potentially disruptive reform at home. That means Xi is actually undermining the great hope of Chinaâs rise. A wealthier China was supposed to be an engine of global prosperity. Xiâs version is promoting protectionism and confrontation that threaten that prosperity.Facing political pressure at home, politicians around the world are forced to defend their economies from Xiâs strategy, even if that leads to trade wars that sour relations with Beijing. This is not a good outcome for the global economy or for geopolitical stability. But Xiâs policies have made it inevitable.
The Writer Who Leaves Behind a Pounding Heart
theatlantic.com
Because of my reverence for Alice Munroâs work, I was often asked if Iâd ever met her. I felt that I had totally met her in her books and said as much. I never desired to meet her in person, for what I loved would not necessarily be there. The one time I was scheduled actually to meet herâat a reading and ceremony in her honorâshe canceled. Stupidl
The Writer Who Leaves Behind a Pounding Heart
Because of my reverence for Alice Munroâs work, I was often asked if Iâd ever met her. I felt that I had totally met her in her books and said as much. I never desired to meet her in person, for what I loved would not necessarily be there. The one time I was scheduled actually to meet herâat a reading and ceremony in her honorâshe canceled. Stupidly, I was relieved. Because what could one possibly say to this human, Alice Munro, who was also a genius but would probably turn out to resemble a nice, ordinary, once-beautiful-now-forever-middle-aged woman with an Ontario accent (though perhaps also a sparkle in her eyes)? Reality was too full of annoying disguisesâone of her many themes. Would she appear to lack something?Throughout her stories, there is admiration for skills of every sortâpiloting an airplane, horseback riding, plucking turkeysâbut she did not drive a car. This boggled my mind! Yet it also caused me to think that maybe marriages could be held together this way. The husband would have to drop you off and pick you up so he always knew where you were, even if you didnât always know where he was (or deeply care). Perhaps this was an essentially literaryâMunrovianâcondition. Also, in the plus column, I could see in her work that she did not admire rich people but also did not sentimentalize the poor, though her sympathies and interests were more deeply located there. The way a hired girl in âHired Girlâ sweeps the floor and then hides the dirt behind the broom propped in the corner was exactly how I swept when young. A metaphor for secrets, but also an actual (poor) way of sweeping. I was always thinking about her in one way or another, so actually meeting her seemed beside the point. I loved her forensic plots and her gothic gruesomeness. In one collection, she has two decapitations. What would be the point of actually meeting her?Her stories were radically structuredâbuilt like avant-garde sculpture. In this way, she completely revolutionized the short story, pulling it away from conventional form altogether. She understood that life was layered, that stretches of time did not neaten themselves out into a convenient linear shape but piled themselves up in layers that were sometimes translucent and contained revisions of thought and opinion, like a palimpsest. These layers seemed to have access to one another. This nonlinear way of course mimics the mind and memory and how life is bewilderingly lived and then recalled. She embraced Chekhovâs movement away from the judgmental finish and built on it, supplying similar narrative oxygen to the lives of North American girls and women. Because the story genre is end-orientedâone must stick the landingâshe brought this power to her open endings as well, which were sometimes torn from the middle of the story and thrown down like a beating heart on an altar.One wonders whether she felt that all of her artistic devotion and productivity had been worth it. I hope so. I do not want to pity her; I want only to treasure her. Munroâs career seemed to involve an entire life handed over to art, so, from a distance, it is hard to know whether she felt sheâd missed out on some other, easier, sweeter life. (Though, I suppose, for a writer there is no other kind of life.) She is one of those women writers who took a rebelâs stance toward motherhood and partially (not completely) left their children in order to get the literary work done and be free of conventional and gendered expectations. (Literary men, of course, leave their children all the time.) To turn oneâs life inside out in order to make short stories for people youâve never met is a kind of contortion and sacrifice one cannot stop to measure, or the gift may flee. Such hesitation, I suppose, would be like a magician stopping to feed and then cage the tiresome rabbit, who then will not go back into the hat.When someone of Munroâs stature passes away, the world feels a little empty for a while and may never completely get back to its ever-elusive purpose. Still, there remains her great, great work. Even if, like all literature, it wrestled un-victoriously with the meaning of the world, even if, like all interesting characters, hers were not always at their most admirable, her writing kept its eye on the dramas of power in human relations and communities. She explored the upset and consequences of love, hate, desire, devotion, despair, illness, social class, genderâand, most of all, time, its magical uses in art and its sly surprises in life. And so, at the culminating close, there is a still-pounding heart. May she reside in pages forever.
Listen to What Jerry Seinfeld Actually Said
theatlantic.com
On Sunday at Duke University, the comedian Jerry Seinfeld delivered a commencement address that was, bizarrely, overshadowed in the media by a tiny, nondisruptive protest.Seinfeld gave a compliment and a warning to his Gen Z audience.First came the compliment. âI totally admire the ambitions of your generation to create a more just and inclusive so
Listen to What Jerry Seinfeld Actually Said
On Sunday at Duke University, the comedian Jerry Seinfeld delivered a commencement address that was, bizarrely, overshadowed in the media by a tiny, nondisruptive protest.Seinfeld gave a compliment and a warning to his Gen Z audience.First came the compliment. âI totally admire the ambitions of your generation to create a more just and inclusive society,â he said. âI think it is also wonderful that you care so much about not hurting other peopleâs feelings in the million and one ways we all do that.âThen came the warning. âWhat I need to tell you as a comedian: Do not lose your sense of humor. You can have no idea at this point in your life how much you are going to need it to get through. Not enough of life makes sense for you to be able to survive it without humor.âSeinfeld went on to defend âthe slightly uncomfortable feeling of awkward humor,â arguing that it is ânot something you need to fix,â because even as Gen Z improves the world, it will remain âa pretty insane mess.â Humor, he said, is âthe most survival-essential quality you will ever have or need to navigate through the human experience.â[Tyler Austin Harper: Americaâs colleges are reaping what they sowed]All of that is newsworthy. Seinfeld is a perceptive observer of life and an undeniable expert on comedy. Plus, as he told the graduates, âI am 70. I am done. You are just starting. I only want to help you.â If he is convinced that humor is a crucial salveââthe most important thing I am confident that I know about lifeââthose of us whoâll never enjoy his success or wealth had really better keep laughing. Yet coverage of the commencement treated something just before his speech as more newsworthy: As the Associated Press reported, roughly 30 student protesters walked out of the graduation ceremony as Seinfeld was introduced. They represented a tiny fraction of the 7,000 students present.Media outlets covered the Duke graduation with headlines like these: âAs Seinfeld Receives Honorary Degree at Duke, Students Walk Out in Protestâ (The New York Times); âDuke Students Walk Out to Protest Jerry Seinfeldâs Commencement Speech in Latest Grad Disruptionâ (USA Today); âDuke Students Walk Out of Jerry Seinfeldâs Commencement Speech Amid Wave of Graduation Antiwar Protestsâ (NBC News); âJerry Seinfeldâs Speech at Duke Commencement Prompts Walkout Protesting His Support for Israelâ (Reuters); âDuke University Students Walk Out on Jerry Seinfeldâs Commencement Speech, Chant âFree Palestineââ (Fox News); âWatch: Anti-Israel Students Walk Out of Duke University Commencement to Protest Jerry Seinfeldâ (Breitbart News).Why was that the focus? The war in Gaza is, of course, more newsworthy than any commencement and has been covered extensively. Many protests about the war are newsworthy, too.[Read: This is helicopter protesting]But the airing of grievances at Duke was not notable for the number of people who participated, or for any insight offered on Gaza, or for even a remote prospect of affecting the conflict. To the credit of the students who walked out, it didnât even disrupt the speech. So it was suspect, I think, to treat the protest as more important than the event that the activists sought to leverage for attention. A protest in and of itself does not confer importance.Journalists often fail to distinguish between substantively newsworthy protests and mere deployment of the protest modeâa bias that activists have learned to exploit. Social media is optimized to signal-boost conflict more than attempts at distilling wisdom. And too many Americans revel in rather than resist conflicts.The result at Duke: Coverage of a newsworthy speech was informed, more than any other factor, by the subset of the audience that did not hear it. At least, in the midst of a tragic war abroad and a vexing culture war at home, we can shake our heads and laugh about that absurdity.
Bidenâs Weakness With Young Voters Isnât About Gaza
theatlantic.com
Americaâs young voters are fired up about the war in Gazaâarenât they? Campus protests and the controversies around them have dominated media attention for weeks. So has the possibility that youth anger about the war will cost President Joe Biden the election. âJoe Biden Is Losing Young Voters Over Israel,â a USA Today headline declared last month.
Bidenâs Weakness With Young Voters Isnât About Gaza
Americaâs young voters are fired up about the war in Gazaâarenât they? Campus protests and the controversies around them have dominated media attention for weeks. So has the possibility that youth anger about the war will cost President Joe Biden the election. âJoe Biden Is Losing Young Voters Over Israel,â a USA Today headline declared last month. The New York Times columnist Thomas B. Edsall recently argued that nothing would help Biden more with young voters than negotiating a cease-fire in Gaza.The available evidence, however, overwhelmingly suggests otherwise. For all the attention theyâve drawn, the campus protesters are outliers. Biden has a problem with young voters, but it does not appear to be because of Gaza.This may feel counterintuitive. More than 80 percent of young people disapprove of the way Biden is handling the war, according to a recent CNN surveyâthe most of any cohort. And poll after poll shows Biden losing support among 20-somethings, the group that helped propel him to victory four years ago. In 2020, Biden won the 18-to-29-year-old vote by 24 percentage points. This time around, some polls suggest that the demographic is a toss-up between him and Donald Trump. If Biden is losing support from young people, and young people overwhelmingly object to his handling of the war in Gaza, a natural conclusion would be that the war is the reason for the lack of support.[Jill Filipovic: Say plainly wha]t the protesters wantBut thatâs a mistake, because thereâs a big difference between opinions and priorities. People have all kinds of views, sometimes strong ones, on various topics, but only a few issues will determine how they vote. And very few Americansâeven young onesârank the Israel-Hamas war as one of their top political priorities.âObviously for some people it is the most important issue, and we need to respect that,â John Della Volpe, who directs polling at Harvardâs Institute of Politics, told me. âBut what weâre seeing on college campuses, based upon this data, is not reflective of what the youth voter in general is thinking about.âIn the April 2024 edition of the Harvard Youth Poll, which Della Volpe runs, 18-to-29-year-olds rated the Israel-Palestine conflict 15th out of 16 possible priorities. (Student debt came last.) Among self-identified Democrats, it was tied for third from the bottom. In another survey of registered voters in swing states, just 4 percent of 18-to-27-year-olds said the war was the most important issue affecting their vote. Even on college campuses, the epicenter of the protest movement, an Axios/Generation Lab poll found that only 13 percent of students considered âthe conflict in the Middle Eastâ to be one of their top-three issues. An April CBS poll found that the young voters who wanted Biden to pressure Israel to stop attacking Gaza would vote for him at about the same rate as those who didnât.In fact, most young people donât seem to be paying much attention to whatâs going on beyond Americaâs borders. The 18-to-29-year-old age group is the least likely to say theyâre following the war, according to a March survey from the Pew Research Center: 14 percent said they were closely tracking updates, while 58 percent said they werenât following news of the conflict at all. âIf you take a broader view, people who are in their teens and 20s are the least likely group of Americans to pay attention to politics, period,â David Barker, a professor of government at American University, told me. Many seem to be unsure how to feel about the war. âI think that the natural response for anybody, let alone young people, is just to be like, âOkay, whatâs the price of milk?ââ Barker said.Granted, if 2016 and 2020 are any guide, the election will likely be so close that any Democratic defections could be said to have determined the results, particularly in the swing states that Biden needs to win. In 2020, young people voted for Biden by a bigger margin than any other age group. âThis is going to come down to small numbers of votes in six or seven key states,â Robert Lieberman, a political-science professor at Johns Hopkins University, told me. Any change, no matter the size, âcould tip the election one way or the other.â A New York Times/Siena College swing-state poll out this week found that 13 percent of people who said they voted for Biden in 2020, but donât plan to in 2024, are basing their decision on the war in the Middle East or on foreign policy. Thatâs a sliver of a sliver of the population, far fewer than those who cited the economy or inflationâbut any sliver could be the decisive one.[David Frum: The plot to wreck the Democratic convention]Even if people donât vote based on the conflict itself, they might vote based on what it represents. The chaos of an international conflict, and the domestic protests it inspires, could contribute to the impression that Biden is not in control.Still, with the election six months away, some experts predict that young voters will shift back toward Biden as they start paying closer attention to politics. If that doesnât happen, it will likely be for the same reasons that are depressing his standing with other age groupsâabove all, the economy. âI ultimately expect that Bidenâs fate will be determined less by something like this conflict in Gaza and more, frankly, by which direction inflation and unemployment go over the course of the next few months,â Barker said.Thereâs no denying that the Israel-Palestine conflict, along with the related controversies emanating from it, has affected and will continue to affect domestic U.S. politicsâand the moral questions posed by the war extend far beyond electoral calculations. But the issue is unlikely to trigger any demographic realignment. When it comes to the issues they care about most, young Americans appear closer to the overall electorate than to the activist groups that claim to represent them.
Pope Francisâs China Gamble
theatlantic.com
No pope has ever set foot in China, but 10 years ago, Francis came the closest. On a flight to South Korea in August 2014, he became the first Vicar of Christ to enter Chinese airspace. Apparently that wasnât enough. âDo I want to go to China?â Francis mused a few days later to those of us journalists accompanying him on his flight back to Rome. âO
Pope Francisâs China Gamble
No pope has ever set foot in China, but 10 years ago, Francis came the closest. On a flight to South Korea in August 2014, he became the first Vicar of Christ to enter Chinese airspace. Apparently that wasnât enough. âDo I want to go to China?â Francis mused a few days later to those of us journalists accompanying him on his flight back to Rome. âOf course: Tomorrow!âFrancis has been more conciliatory to the Peopleâs Republic than any of his predecessors. His approach has brought some stability to the Church in China, but it has also meant accepting restrictions on the religious freedom of Chinese Catholics and undermining the Vaticanâs credibility as a champion of the oppressed. Francis sees himself as holding the Chinese Church together; he might be helping to stifle it in the process.That trade-off becomes apparent when comparing the two major groups that make up Chinaâs estimated 10 million Catholics. One is the state-controlled Church, overseen by the Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association, which has a long history of appointing bishops without the Vaticanâs approvalâa nightmare for popes because it presents the danger of a schism. In 2018, Francis mitigated that threat by negotiating an agreement in which the Chinese government and the Vatican cooperate on the appointment of bishops. The details of the pact, which is up for renewal in the fall, remain secret, but the pope has said it gives him final say. In return, the Vatican promised not to authorize any bishop that Beijing doesnât support.The agreement came at the expense of Chinaâs second group of Catholics: the so-called underground Church, which previously ordained its own bishops with Romeâs approval and is now in effect being told by the Vatican to join the state-controlled Church. The underground community rejects President Xi Jinpingâs campaign of âSinicization,â a program that seeks to reinforce Chinese national identity, in part by demanding that all religious teaching and practice accord with the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Occasionally that means prohibiting religious worship entirely: Shortly before the Vatican and Beijing signed the deal, new legislation went into effect that led to stricter enforcement of such rules as a ban on minors attending Mass. And sometimes Sinicization means muddling Catholic doctrine with CCP dogma. As one priest in the official Church claimed in 2019, âThe Ten Commandments and the core socialist values are the same.âWhether the Chinese Church can remain authentically Catholic in the face of Sinicization is an open question. That Francis came to terms with the government just as the program intensified felt to some underground Catholics like a betrayal, a sign that he might tolerate the continued compromising of their faith. He accommodates Beijing in order to stabilize the Church in China, but Chinese authorities arenât interested in the faith that Francis professes. Theyâve made clear that they want a Church that submits to the state; such a Church might be stable, but would it be Catholic?[John L. Allen Jr.: Why Pope Francis isnât with the West on Ukraine]Safeguarding orthodox Catholicism in China depends on whether Francis and his successors can strike the right balance between cooperation and confrontation. The Vatican must cultivate greater influence in Beijing while also defending the faithâa daunting challenge for even the canniest diplomat.The past six years make clear that the agreement on bishops has largely been a disappointment. Even some in the Vatican concede that it hasnât lived up to expectations. âWe would have liked to see more results,â Archbishop Paul Gallagher, the Vaticanâs equivalent of a foreign minister, told America magazine in 2022. (The Vatican declined to comment for this article.) Only nine bishops have been consecrated under the agreement, and some 40 dioceses still have no leader. In the meantime, Beijing is happy to leave those dioceses under the administration of mere priests, Father Gianni Criveller, the editorial director of the Catholic publication AsiaNews, told me. Because bishops possess greater authority, they are harder for the government to control.The agreement has yielded three new bishops in the past six monthsâthe first new ones since 2021âbut little else suggests much improvement in the relationship between the Vatican and China. Formal diplomatic relations remain a distant prospect, and China has rebuffed the Vaticanâs proposal for a permanent representative office in Beijing, according to a Vatican official with knowledge of the talks, who described them on the condition of anonymity. The latest âFive-Year Plan for the Sinicization of Catholicism in China,â adopted by the government-controlled Church in December, makes no reference to the Vatican or the pope.Still, the Vatican achieved its primary goal of reducing the risk of schism. âThe aim is the unity of the Church,â said Cardinal Pietro Parolin, the Vatican secretary of state, defending the agreement in 2020. âAll the bishops in China are in communion with the pope. There are no more illegitimate bishops.â Unity, in this case, means integrating Chinaâs underground clergy into Beijingâs state-recognized hierarchy. In other words, Chinese Catholicism will be more and more controlled by the government, an undesirable outcome for Francis but one that heâs apparently willing to bear.Some see that calculation as prudent. Francesco Sisci, a Sinologist and an expert on Vatican-China relations, told me that if the Vatican continued cooperating with the underground Church and holding the CCP at a distance, âyou have to wait for the current power to fall, and who knows if the new power will be better than the old? In my opinion, the choice to go underground is much riskier.â As Richard Madsen, a professor emeritus of sociology at UC San Diego, put it to me, the agreement on bishops âgives a certain stability to the Church ⊠so that in the long run it can develop and flourish.âBut Catholicism in China certainly doesnât seem to be flourishing now. As Fenggang Yang, a sociology professor at Purdue University, told me, the Vaticanâs conciliatory approach has demoralized Chinese Catholics. The agreement has put greater pressure on the underground churches to join the official Church, he noted, reducing their freedom to evangelize. The Vatican knew this was coming. In 2023, Archbishop Gallagher said that the deal âwas always going to be used by the Chinese party to bring greater pressure on the Catholic community, particularly on the so-called underground Church.â Still, he defended the agreement, calling it âwhat was possible at the time.â Not all Chinese Christians are having such difficulty; Yang said that the decentralized evangelical Protestant âhouse churchesâ have continued to grow despite repression.[Read: For Xi Jinping, religion is power]History suggests that resistance rather than compromise makes for a vital Church. During the Cold War, the Vatican pursued a policy of accommodation with Communist states in the Soviet bloc, negotiating over the appointment of bishops. But it was in Polandâwhere the Catholic hierarchy was least cooperative with the authorities, and where an underground Church was strongestâthat Catholicism remained most vibrant.Unlike Poland, China has only a small Catholic minority. But even there, the more uncompromising and persecuted portion of the faithfulâthe underground Churchâhas the higher morale, Criveller told me. âThose in the official Church are theoretically freer because they do not have to worship in secret, but in fact all their initiatives must be approved and agreed on with the officials in charge of religious affairs,â he said. âThey are more easily discouraged.â Criveller noted that many Catholics in the state-controlled Church lose respect for bishops and clergy who are seen as âtoo aligned with government policy.â Ceding ground to Beijing might limit oppression, but it can weaken the authority of the Church.The popeâs willingness to negotiate the 2018 agreement reflects two central features of his pontificate: his multipolar view of the world and his preference for dialogue over confrontation. Francis often flouts the geopolitical consensus of the West, questioning its authority and sympathizing with its adversariesâsuggesting, for example, that NATO may have provoked the war in Ukraine by âbarking at Russiaâs gate.â Chinaâs increasing power, which has so alarmed the West, is for Francis all the more reason to engage the country. While calling for the religious freedom of Christians in China and elsewhere, he also seeks closer ties with the governments that persecute them.These tendencies have become more pronounced since the deal. The Vatican has grown both more conciliatory toward the state-controlled Church and less supportive of the underground Church. In 2019, the Vatican publicly encouraged underground clergy to comply with the CCPâs demand to register with civil authorities, even though they would be required to sign a statement endorsing the âindependence, autonomy and self-administrationâ of the Church in China. At least 10 underground bishops have refused, according to the Vatican official; one was arrested earlier this year.In another sign of acquiescence, Rome begrudgingly accepted the decision by Chinese authorities to transfer a bishop to its Shanghai diocese last year without consulting the pope. The bishop, Joseph Shen Bin, is the head of the Chinese bishopsâ conference, which the Vatican doesnât recognize, and an avid proponent of Sinicization. As he recently told an interviewer, âWe must adhere to patriotism and love for the Church, uphold the principle of independence and self-management of the Church ⊠and persist in the direction of Sinicization of Catholicism in China. This is the bottom line, no one can violate it, and it is also a high-voltage line, no one should touch it.âVatican officials have suggested that Sinicization is akin to the Catholic Churchâs long-standing practice of inculturationâthat is, presenting the Churchâs teachings and practices in the terms of different cultures. But Yang, the Purdue professor, makes a crucial distinction: The goal of Sinicization, he argued in Christianity Today, âis not cultural assimilation but political domesticationâto ensure submission to the Chinese Communist party-state.âShen Bin is forthright about this. In another recent interview, he stressed that Sinicization means not only adapting liturgy and sacred art to traditional Chinese culture, but also interpreting Catholic teaching in accordance with Communist doctrine. Sinicization, he said, âshould use the core socialist values as guidance to provide a creative interpretation of theological classics and religious doctrines that aligns with the requirements of contemporary Chinaâs development and progress, as well as with Chinaâs splendid traditional culture.â By accepting the dominance of the official Church, whose bishops Shen Bin leads, the Vatican is in practice accepting the supremacy of politics over religion.Another cost of Francisâs overtures has come in the form of his silence about Chinaâs human-rights violations. In July 2020, amid Chinaâs crackdown on prodemocracy protests in Hong Kong, Francis decided not to deliver prepared remarks calling for ânonviolence, and respect for the dignity and rights of allâ in the city, and voicing hope that âsocial life, and especially religious life, may be expressed in full and true freedom.â Vatican diplomats privately expressed puzzlement at the popeâs decision.Francis has drawn particular criticism for his failure to denounce Chinaâs treatment of its Uyghur Muslim minority, whom Beijing has forced into reeducation camps to eradicate their religion and cultureâa striking omission given the popeâs emphasis on promoting dialogue with Islam. The most heâs said on the matter came in a book published in 2020, in which he made a brief reference to âthe poor Uighurs,â including them in a list of âpersecuted peoples.â[Tahir Hamut Izgil: One by one, my friends were sent to the camps]The Vaticanâs reluctance to denounce China has also caused tension in its dealings with the United States. In September 2020, thenâSecretary of State Mike Pompeo seemed to criticize Pope Francisâs relative silence while speaking to an audience in Rome that included the Vaticanâs foreign minister. After noting the Vaticanâs unique ability to help protect religious freedom in China, he admonished: âEarthly considerations shouldnât discourage principled stances based on eternal truths.â Sisci, the Sinologist, told me that Pompeoâs comments only helped Francis in his dealing with the Chinese authorities, reassuring them that the pope was not âan instrument of U.S. policy.âFor now, the agreement on bishops is temporary, requiring renewal every two years. This raises the question of what Francisâs successor might do. The next pope likely wonât have his hands tied; he will be free to join the West in taking a more confrontationalâor, as Pompeo would have it, principledâtack with China.Alternatively, he can wait and see if Francisâs approach bears fruit. Thereâs an old saying that applies to the Church and China in equal measure: They think in centuries. The wait could be a while.
The Wild Blood Dynasty
theatlantic.com
American Bloodsâwhat a title! Hammering out agreement on the meaning of American is hard enough, but factor in bloodâour precious bodily fluid, susceptible to poisoning in the fevered fascist imaginationâand a brawl might just be brewing. If youâve figured out that Blood is a surname, the subtitle of John Kaagâs new book (The Untamed Dynasty That S
The Wild Blood Dynasty
American Bloodsâwhat a title! Hammering out agreement on the meaning of American is hard enough, but factor in bloodâour precious bodily fluid, susceptible to poisoning in the fevered fascist imaginationâand a brawl might just be brewing. If youâve figured out that Blood is a surname, the subtitle of John Kaagâs new book (The Untamed Dynasty That Shaped a Nation) could possibly defuse the situation, but it too is provocative: If the Blood dynasty shaped the nation, why have we never heard of it?Kaag, a philosophy professor at the University of Massachusetts at Lowell, lives in a house on the banks of the Concord River that was built in 1745 by a colonial named Josiah Blood. A decade later, in that same house, Thaddeus Blood was born. He was at the scene with a musket on April 19, 1775, when the âshot heard round the worldâ was fired; as an old man, he was interviewed about the experience by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Kaag saw that the Blood clan would offer him a chance to explore big ideas in relation to individual lives, to start close to home and expand outward, weaving together personalities, cultural history, and philosophy in an attempt to ask not just where we came from but where weâre going.He has made a habit of combining philosophy with first-person narratives of a confessional cast. In American Philosophy: A Love Story (2016), he tells us about his first two marriages while communing with his âintellectual heroes,â the New England thinkers Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and William James. In Hiking With Nietzsche: On Becoming Who You Are (2018), he treks up and down an alp or two with the German iconoclast. The new project is much more ambitious. Working with a bigger cast on an expansive stage, heâs hoping to unlock secrets of Americanness. No wonder the strain shows.Kaag sets out to trace the nationâs growth (and âexcruciating growing painsâ) as refracted through âone of Americaâs first and most expansive pioneer families,â whose lineage happens to run straight through his family home. Listed in the index of a privately published genealogy he finds in his house are thousands of Bloods, from Aaron to Zebulon. In addition to Josiah and Thaddeus, Kaag plucks out a handful of others, curious characters born between 1618 and 1838, who found themselves in the thick of roiling history or crossed paths with famous American thinkers.[From the April 2023 issue: Adam Begley on why you should be reading Sebastian Barry]Kaag makes the case that, âunlike many other more visible or iconic American dynastiesâ (he mentions the Cabots, Lowells, Astors, Roosevelts), the Bloodsconsistently, and with remarkable regularity, reveal a particular frontier ethos: their genealogy tracks what Henry David Thoreau called âwildness,â an original untamed spirit that would recede in the making of America but never be extinguished entirely. The United States may have been founded on âlife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness,â but it was always shot through with something unbalanced, heedless, undomesticated, fearful.The making of America meant pushing back the frontier, establishing civilization where before, as the Puritan William Bradford testified, there had been âa hideous and desolate wilderness, full of wild beasts & wild men.â Kaag asserts that New England colonials drew a clear, unwavering line between the civilized and the wild, but he believes that the Blood dynasty shared a more complicated ethos: Its members âcontinually explored life and its extremes,â absorbing the lesson that âhuman existence was not cleanly demarcated but unshakably wild.âHardly alone in wanting, just now, to weigh the risk of mayhem in America, he asks, âWhat untamed stories lie beneath the skin of our more or less well-functioning society? How persistent is the wildness that once defined our country?â The answers, he warns, wonât be tidy, though he canât resist assigning conveniently emblematic roles to his small sample of Zelig-like Bloods.Naked opportunism guided the first figure in Kaagâs book: Thomas Blood, who was not American but is the most notorious individual to bear the name. In 1671, he tried to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. A rogue as well as a thief, Thomas sets the tone for the American branch of the family, which was started by his nephews, who were among the early New England settlers, arriving sometime in the 1630s. By mid-century, Robert Blood had established a farm on a 3,000-acre tract just north of Concord, then very much the frayed edge of civilization. A âtroublesomeâ man, Robert was a good citizen when it suited him and a renegade when taxes fell due. He nonetheless understood that the best defense against external threats was neighborly cooperation. The wary dance he did with local authority, in Kaagâs telling, âpresages in miniature the political dynamicsâ as the colonies began to rebel against the British Crown.The old favorites Emerson and Thoreau, Transcendentalists who championed American cultural independence and the primacy of the individual soul, take the stage as Kaag fast-forwards roughly a century to focus on Bloods intersecting with homegrown ferment. Robertâs great-great-grandson Thaddeus made an enduring impression on Emerson, who admired the rare courage that the veteran of the skirmish at the Old North Bridge had displayed as a young minuteman. Kaag suggests (though certainly doesnât prove) that Emersonâs conversation with Thaddeus in 1835 was the catalyst for what he calls Emersonâs own âacts of insurrectionâ: two speeches delivered in the next several years, âThe American Scholarâ and the bombshell âDivinity School Address,â in which he renounced all organized religion (and in particular what he elsewhere derided as âcorpse-cold Unitarianismâ).âThe American Scholarâ called for a new type of educated American, an active, engaged intellectual boldly embracing the rough-and-tumble of a new nationâwhat a pleasure to see the 34-year-old Emerson roll up his sleeves and resolve to ârun eagerly into this resounding tumult,â to take his place âin the ring to suffer and to workâ! And yet Kaagâs next Blood, Perez, son of Thaddeus, shrank from the tumult. A recluse and an amateur astronomer, Perez spent his time in his woodshed, seated on a swivel chair, peering at the heavens through a telescope. Undeterred, Kaag finds a way to fit him into his exploration of wildness by claiming that Perez had a âlasting and profoundâ friendship with Thoreau and helped him âdefine his conception of human freedom.â In the first sentence of âWalkingâ (an essay published in this magazine, posthumously, in 1862), Thoreau associates wildness with âabsolute freedomââas distinct from âa freedom and culture merely civil.â According to Kaag, both Perez and Thoreau freed themselves from âthe tawdry distractions of modern life,â and the eccentric old stargazer inspired Thoreau âto see the inner, noble form of a seemingly common man.â[From the June 1862 issue: Henry David Thoreauâs âWalkingâ]The resounding tumult returns with James Clinton Blood, a co-founder and the first mayor of Lawrence, Kansas, and a passing acquaintance of John Brown, whose gory attacks on militant pro-slavery settlers helped give âBloody Kansasâ its name. James had gone west as part of an abolitionist scheme to keep the territory from becoming a slave state, and acted as an agent and a scout, buying up land from Native tribes. He survived the Lawrence Massacre of 1863 (when Confederate guerrillas killed some 150 unarmed men and boys), and in the postwar decades âhappily watched the frontier town civilize itself.âJames is meant to be representative of the many Bloods who participated in the settlement of the American West and who âcame to understand the border as a paradoxical space, where the most vicious of beings could also be the most vulnerable.â I donât know whom Kaag is referring to in that last clause or what he means. Heâs keenly aware that we canât contemplate âthe bleeding of Kansasâ unless we reckon with the calamitous war fought over the moral abomination of slavery and also the genocidal persecution of the Native population. In earlier chapters, he mentions a few of the enslaved people bought and sold by various 18th-century Bloods, and here he describes the dismal fate of the Plains tribes who were cheated out of their land or driven off or simply exterminated. We never learn, though, whether Jamesâs land deals were made in good faith or how other untamed Bloods fared on the new frontier. This seems the wrong moment to fudge: The stories we tell about how, exactly, the Wild West civilized itself color our ideas about who we are as a nation.American Bloods is not a panoramic intellectual history or even a conjoined narrative. Nor does Kaag substantiate the claim that the Bloods âcirculated through each era, an animating force of American history, just below the surface.â Donât let the fancy blood metaphor distract you: Heredity cannot plausibly account for the persistence of an ideology or a spirit over a span of centuries. Instead of telling an unbroken story, Kaag has assembled a series of portraits, some more engaging than others, the degree of interest determined by which great men are adjacent to the male Blood in question. At one point, he alludes to what he calls âa largely forgotten counternarrative: the Blood women.â But his only substantive contribution to that counternarrative is to present us with the charismatic womenâs-rights advocate Victoria Woodhull, who married Colonel James Harvey Blood, a veteran of the Union Army and a committed spiritualist. Kaag calls Woodhull âarguably the most famous and scandalous of the American Bloods,â and itâs perfectly obvious why he would want to adopt her: Extreme and mercurial, sheâs an ideal embodiment of many divergent, unconventional responses to the trauma of the Civil War.Victoria met James in St. Louis in the mid-1860s. Twenty-six years old and strikingly beautiful, she was working as a medium and a âspiritual physicianâ when James consulted her, seeking treatment for wounds suffered in battle. She fell into a trance and announced that their destinies were linked. James liked the idea: Obeying the spirits, they left St. Louis and their spouses behind. The new marriage lasted barely a decadeâbut it was some decade.In New York, the soothsaying of this Blood-by-marriage morphed into investment advice (lapped up by an aged Cornelius Vanderbilt), and Victoria made âan utter fortune from her wildness,â as Kaag puts it. She founded a brokerage house and a crusading weekly newspaper, and waged energetic campaigns for free love and equal rights. Kaag concedes that Victoriaâs âmethodsâ as a healer and fortune teller âwere fraudulentâwhich is to say too wild for belief.â He doesnât try to make sense of her dishonesty, or condemn the blatant hypocrisy of her final incarnation: Having ditched James, she married a rich English banker, renouncing radicalism to secure for herself âthe standing and success that women of previous generations could not have envisioned.â Kaag leaves it to the reader to connect her successive self-reinventions with the larger Blood narrative.Having toured this gallery of âuntamed beastsâ exhibiting so many different shades of American wildness, we might ask what wild means to Kaag himself. Iâm not sure. But itâs clear that one important step in his quest to make space for the âcontradictions and tensions and paradoxesâ of daily life has been coming to terms with Benjamin Blood, a promiscuously talented poet-philosopher. Benjaminâs rhapsodic mysticism, eccentricity, and primal vigor were particularly appealing to William James. This Blood taught Kaagâs hero that âthe secret of Being,â in Jamesâs words, âis not the dark immensity beyond knowledge, but at home, this side, beneath the feet, and overlooked by knowledge.âA practical idealist, high-minded yet of the people (heâs been called âa mystic of the commonplaceâ), Benjamin was born in 1832 in upstate New York. Over the course of his 86 years, he was an inventor, a gambler, a gymnast, and a boxer, as well as a poet, metaphysician, and compulsive writer of letters to the editorâin short, the antithesis of a library-bound thinker. Dissatisfied with philosophizing, he told James that he âfelt compelled to go into more active life,â to work 10 hours a day in a local mill. âI have worn out many styles,â he boasted, âand am cosmopolitan, liberal to others, and contented with myself.â His intellectual pursuits, Kaag writes, should be regarded âas an afterthought to action, the trace of a life lived as fully as possible.âDeeply impressed by a self-published pamphlet, The Anaesthetic Revelation and the Gist of Philosophy (1874), James struck up a correspondence with the author and eventually volunteered to try to make him famous. He kept his word: The last essay he ever wrote, âA Pluralistic Mysticâ (1910), is a hymn to Benjaminâs uncommon merit.James directs our attention to a remarkable passage in which Benjamin explains that âthe universe is wildâgame flavored as a hawkâs wing.â Celebrating the contingent and the unfinished, Benjamin declares that ânature is miracle all. She knows no laws; the same returns not, save to bring the different.â We can never fully grasp reality; our understanding, in Benjaminâs words, is âever not quite.â Or as James himself insisted, uneasy about what seemed an oppressively bureaucratic and professionalized 20th century, âThere is no complete generalization, no total point of view.âKaag warmly welcomes the idea of the incomplete, of a cobbled-together and eternally unfinished worldview; he finds it frustrating but also encouraging. At the same time, he canât resist imposing an overarching unity. Eager to wrap things up neatly, he claims that Benjamin Bloodâs philosophy of open-ended, open-hearted pluralismâand of active engagement in the wider worldâsomehow âsilently guided the Blood family from its very inception.â And yet the thought of the whole crew, from Thomas to Perez to Victoria, all wedded to a single ethos hardly sits well with Benjaminâs belief that âthe genius of being is whimsical rather than consistent.âWhat does this have to do with America? Kaag is telling us that wildness is with us always, yesterday and today, even the dangerous, corrupt, fraudulent varieties, but that beneficent wildness makes room for exploration, new ideas, new ways of being. A more perfect union is always possibleâthough ever not quite.This article appears in the June 2024 print edition with the headline âThe Wild Blood Dynasty.â