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Los ‘warp drive’ para ir a otros sistemas estelares a velocidades cercanas a la luz son posibles

El Warp Drive (motor de curvatura) es un tipo de propulsor teórico que puede llevar una nave a otros sistemas estelares a velocidades superiores a las de la luz sin romper ninguna ley física. Applied Physics, un grupo internacional de investigadores e ingenieros, ha creado un simulador virtual que permite diseñar y testar con rigor científico nuevos motores de curvatura. El primero de estos diseños acaba de salir a la luz y promete una nueva tecnología que es posible fabricar.

Muchas historias de ciencia ficción hablan de naves espaciales capaces de ir de un sistema planetario a otro en un abrir y cerrar de ojos. Naves como el Halcón Milenario de La Guerra de las Galaxias o el Enterprise de Star Trek superan la velocidad de la luz para lograrlo sin problemas, pero en el mundo real las leyes físicas son tozudas y desde Einstein sabemos que ese límite universal es de 300.000 km/s y no se puede exceder.

Jesús Díaz

Sin embargo, el astrofísico mexicano Miguel Alcubierre publicó en 1994 un estudio en el que hablaba de un diseño de motor espacial teórico que puede superar este límite físico de velocidad sin contradecir a Einstein. Se trata del motor de curvatura, y a diferencia de lo que hacen los motores químicos tradicionales, que utilizan reacciones químicas para liberar energía y acelerar los gases para generar empuje, se apoya en las propiedades de expansión y contracción del tejido espacial para recorrer enormes distancias en poco tiempo.

Alcubierre publicó este apasionante concepto en Classical and Quantum Gravity. Ahora, 30 años después, un nuevo artículo publicado en la misma revista sugiere un Warp Drive mucho más sencillo que el de Alcubierre. "Este estudio cambia el debate sobre los warp drives", afirma en un comunicado el autor principal, Jared Fuchs, investigador de la Universidad de Alabama (EEUU) y del grupo de investigación Applied Physics. "Al demostrar un modelo inédito, hemos demostrado que los motores warp podrían no quedar relegados a la ciencia ficción".

Cómo funciona un Warp Drive

Para entender cómo funciona el nuevo motor propuesto por Fuchs y su equipo hay que entender primero los entresijos del motor de curvatura de Alcubirre. El propio investigador cuenta sus fundamentos de manera sencilla en esta charla de TED (que pueden ver bajo estas líneas). Pero lo que viene a decir básicamente es que se puede contraer el espacio-tiempo enfrente de la nave y expandirlo por detrás para movernos a velocidades superiores a las de la luz.

El espacio se puede deformar, curvar, torcer o expandir. Estos movimientos pueden resultar contraintuitivos a nuestra experiencia aquí en la Tierra, pero el científico mexicano lo explica de esta manera: “Seguramente han oído de la expansión del universo, alguna vez, las galaxias se alejan todas unas de otras y esto no se debe a que estén alejándose de un punto central en el que hubo una explosión, no es así, las galaxias están quietecitas, y el espacio en medio está creciendo. El espacio se expande. Entonces yo puedo usar esta idea y hacerlo en chiquito”.

Alcubierre explica que no es la nave (ni los pasajeros que van dentro) la que viaja a la velocidad de la luz, porque eso sería contradictorio con la teoría general de la relatividad de Einstein, sino que es el propio espacio el que se contrae o se extiende alrededor de ese objeto. Y como esto puede suceder a cualquier velocidad, en teoría, no tendría límite.

El gran problema de esta teoría es que ese movimiento requeriría de una gran cantidad de energía oscura para producirse y a día de hoy no hay evidencia científica de que ese tipo de fenómeno exista. Afortunadamente, en los últimos años ha habido un resurgimiento en el campo de los motores de curvatura, gracias también a una serie de artículos de Applied Physics. Ya se han observado burbujas de curvatura (warp bubbles) que encajan con la matemática del motor de Alcubierre. Y también hay nuevos trabajos científicos que han avanzado en el diseño de este tipo de motores y proponen arquitecturas y enfoques que no requieren el uso de energía oscura.

Un nuevo motor de curvatura

El estudio del equipo de Fuchs y de Applied Physics, describe una nueva forma en la que esta teórica tecnología podría ser posible algún día. Su idea se basa en el concepto de "warp drive sublumínico de velocidad constante", un nuevo modelo de propulsión que se acerca a la velocidad de la luz. En su lugar, utiliza una mezcla de técnicas gravitatorias tradicionales y novedosas para crear una burbuja de curvatura que pueda transportar objetos a altas velocidades sin romper los principios de la relatividad.

El equipo asegura que a pesar de que un diseño de este tipo seguiría necesitando una cantidad considerable de energía, el nuevo estudio demuestra que se pueden conseguir efectos warp sin energía oscura ni otras formas exóticas de materia. Lo que hace que esta idea de ciencia ficción esté más cerca de ser una realidad.

El estudio se ha probado en el Warp Factory, el simulador virtual de código abierto creado por Applied Physics que permite generar y perfeccionar los diseños de motores de curvatura de manera rigurosa y con unos pocos clics.

"Aunque todavía no nos estamos preparando para viajes interestelares, esta investigación anuncia una nueva era de posibilidades", asegura Gianni Martire, Director General de Applied Physics. "Seguimos avanzando con paso firme mientras la humanidad se embarca en la ‘Era Warp’".


Read full article on: elconfidencial.com
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